<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417</id><updated>2012-02-16T18:52:17.363+01:00</updated><category term='Foundations'/><category term='Python'/><category term='Lexical Statistics'/><category term='Language Evolution'/><category term='Linguistics'/><category term='Internet'/><category term='Technology'/><category term='Computational Linguistics'/><category term='Academic'/><category term='Mirror Neurons'/><category term='Semantic Web'/><category term='Philosophy'/><category term='Logic'/><category term='About'/><category term='Points of Interest'/><category term='Semantics'/><category term='Comedy'/><category term='Java'/><category term='Programming'/><category term='Politics'/><category term='Japanese Language'/><category term='Language Criticism'/><category term='Set Theory'/><category term='Cognition'/><category term='Language'/><category term='Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis'/><category term='German Language'/><category term='Poetry'/><category term='Bushido'/><category term='Neuroscience'/><category term='Religion'/><category term='Speech Processing'/><title type='text'>Complex Adaptive Systems</title><subtitle type='html'>Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science, Computational Science, German Language, Japan, Japanese Language, Language, Language Evolution, Linguistics, Literature, Neuroscience, Philosophy, Poetry, Politics</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>110</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-5386122434650297503</id><published>2010-03-15T13:32:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2010-03-15T13:39:29.369+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Programming'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='About'/><title type='text'>New Blog</title><content type='html'>I'm quite lazy... and to keep this blog clean, I decided to create a now one solely dedicated to security and programming. Please check it out: &lt;a href="http://dakhma.net"&gt;dakhma.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oh by the way, a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakhma"&gt;dakhma&lt;/a&gt; is construction for the purification of dead bodies in Zarathustrian religion, i.e. the bodies get cleaned by birds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Last notice: I hope to post more language/linguistic related news soon. Though I'm currently working on quite a lot of projects.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-5386122434650297503?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/5386122434650297503/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=5386122434650297503' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5386122434650297503'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5386122434650297503'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2010/03/new-blog.html' title='New Blog'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-6628390726776769950</id><published>2009-12-13T02:11:00.005+01:00</published><updated>2010-03-15T13:40:34.744+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Programming'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Lexical Statistics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Python'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Linguistics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Computational Linguistics'/><title type='text'>Zipf's law</title><content type='html'>Last friday I gave presentation on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf%27s_law"&gt;Zipf's law&lt;/a&gt; primarily concerned with processing frequency lists and spectra in &lt;a href="http://www.r-project.org/"&gt;R&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://zipfr.r-forge.r-project.org/"&gt;zipfR&lt;/a&gt;. The scripts contain two Python programs for extracting frequencies out of &lt;a href="http://www.nltk.org/"&gt;NLTK&lt;/a&gt;'s internal Gutenberg selection corpus and the section J of the &lt;a href="http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/"&gt;ACL Anthology&lt;/a&gt; corpus. If you don't have access to the ACL, I provide the processed TFL and SPC files for both corpora in the ZIP file.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Download&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/320081926/zipf.pdf"&gt;Slides&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/320080402/skripte.zip"&gt;Scripts&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-6628390726776769950?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/6628390726776769950/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=6628390726776769950' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/6628390726776769950'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/6628390726776769950'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2009/12/zipfs-law.html' title='Zipf&apos;s law'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3589840325721240746</id><published>2009-10-11T13:58:00.004+02:00</published><updated>2009-10-11T14:43:12.462+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Programming'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Python'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Linguistics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Computational Linguistics'/><title type='text'>Some NLP-related Python code</title><content type='html'>1. A program that counts the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_test"&gt;Flesch Score&lt;/a&gt; of a text. Code &lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/291542319/flesch.py"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Don't know if the syllables are computed correctly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. A program that searches a wordlist for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_pair"&gt;minimal pairs&lt;/a&gt;. Code &lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/291543623/mp.py"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Example &lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/291549010/example.txt"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. The format of the wordlist is restrictive and the minimal pairs are printed twice!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. A program that obfuscates the input, which means that first and last letter are the same but everything in between is mixed around. Code &lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/291546489/obfuscate.py"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. A program that constructs a tree from a file and searches for the common minimal ancestor of two nodes. Code &lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/291551725/tree.py"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Example &lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/291551769/tree.txt"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3589840325721240746?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3589840325721240746/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3589840325721240746' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3589840325721240746'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3589840325721240746'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2009/10/some-nlp-related-python-code.html' title='Some NLP-related Python code'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-7600359314042720939</id><published>2009-09-28T15:10:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2009-09-28T15:22:42.059+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Programming'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Logic'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Python'/><title type='text'>Python-based RPN Evaluator</title><content type='html'>This program evaluates logic expressions out of a textfile with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_notation"&gt;Reveresed Polish Notation&lt;/a&gt; (RPN) syntax.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Example world file:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;wind&lt;br /&gt;/sun&lt;br /&gt;/rain&lt;br /&gt;red&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;wind and red have the value of 1, sun and rain 0 since they are prefixed by "/".&lt;br /&gt;Here's the syntax to run the program: "python log.py myworld.world".&lt;br /&gt;It quits when an empty expression occurs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Example usage:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;C:\Python26&gt;python log.py myworld.world&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Logical Expression: rain sun &amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Logical Expression: sun red |&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Logical Expression: sun wind ^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Logical Expression: winter sun &amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;*** Error while evaluating: Bad name: 'winter'.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Logical Expression: sun red&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;*** Error while evaluating: Unbalanced expression: 'sun red'.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Logical Expression: sun red red |&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;*** Error while evaluating: Unbalanced expression: 'sun red red |'.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Logical Expression:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;C:\Python26&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Find the source code &lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/286055746/log.py"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-7600359314042720939?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/7600359314042720939/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=7600359314042720939' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7600359314042720939'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7600359314042720939'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2009/09/python-based-rpn-evaluator.html' title='Python-based RPN Evaluator'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-1957728027133517637</id><published>2009-09-25T16:06:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2009-09-25T16:11:11.974+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Programming'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Java'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Comedy'/><title type='text'>Download all SMBC Comics</title><content type='html'>Simple regex-based bruteforce program to save all comics from &lt;a href="http://www.smbc-comics.com/"&gt;http://www.smbc-comics.com/&lt;/a&gt;. You'll need &lt;a href="http://commons.apache.org/io/"&gt;http://commons.apache.org/io/&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/284823630/SMBC.java"&gt;my source code&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-1957728027133517637?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/1957728027133517637/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=1957728027133517637' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1957728027133517637'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1957728027133517637'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2009/09/download-all-smbc-comics.html' title='Download all SMBC Comics'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3525185501187069751</id><published>2009-09-15T18:48:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2009-09-15T18:50:29.351+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Internet'/><title type='text'>Google Cheat Sheet 0.11</title><content type='html'>Wrote a Google Cheat Sheet: http://rapidshare.com/files/280485137/gcs.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It's simple and contains every working function in Google Search, Groups, News, Calculator. What's missing? Query suggestions...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3525185501187069751?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3525185501187069751/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3525185501187069751' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3525185501187069751'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3525185501187069751'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2009/09/google-cheat-sheet-011.html' title='Google Cheat Sheet 0.11'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-2420743384397419646</id><published>2009-08-15T18:29:00.011+02:00</published><updated>2009-08-17T12:02:28.852+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Speech Processing'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Semantics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Linguistics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Computational Linguistics'/><title type='text'>Poor Networks, Neurons and Lookaheads</title><content type='html'>Syntactic networks bear similarities to biological networks since their levels are scale-free, i.e. the distribution of nodes and edges follow a power law (e.g. social networks), and small-world, i.e. most nodes can be reached by a relatively small number of steps (e.g. social networks):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img23.imageshack.us/img23/4452/400pxscalefreenetworksa.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 189px;" src="http://img23.imageshack.us/img23/4452/400pxscalefreenetworksa.png" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img441.imageshack.us/img441/963/250pxcomplexnetworkn25w.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 250px; height: 250px;" src="http://img441.imageshack.us/img441/963/250pxcomplexnetworkn25w.png" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;From Wikipedia [&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale-free_network"&gt;EN&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_de_mundo_peque%C3%B1o"&gt;ES&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A group of researchers at the Institute of Applied Linguistics in Beijing, China tried to find similarities between semantic and syntactic networks via a statistical approach and a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treebank"&gt;treebank&lt;/a&gt; with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_relation"&gt;semantic roles&lt;/a&gt;. Both networks are represented by small-world and scale-free graphs but differ in hierarchical structure, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-nearest_neighbour"&gt;k-Nearest-Neighbour&lt;/a&gt; correlation and semantic networks tend to create longer paths, which makes it a poorer hierarchy in comparison to syntactic networks: &lt;a href="http://www.scichina.com:8080/kxtbe/EN/abstract/abstract413921.shtml"&gt;Statistical properties of Chinese semantic networks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Temporal fluctations in speech are easily corrected by our brain. For decades this mechanism was a mystery. Two researches of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel described how neurons adjust to decode distorted sound perfectly. Although I don't understand this very technical paper, it'll perhaps provide new algorithms for speech processing: &lt;a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000141"&gt;Time-Warp-Invariant Neuronal Processing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another improvement for speech recognition and production was achieved by the Max Plank Society which developed a new mathematical model. It's based on the look-ahead assumption, i.e. our brain tries to estimate the most probable sound-sequence based on previous information, e.g. 'hot su...' = 'sun' &gt; 'supper': &lt;a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000464;jsessionid=4B40AF295D045683287D095DE9821381"&gt;Recognizing Sequences of Sequences&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-2420743384397419646?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/2420743384397419646/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=2420743384397419646' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/2420743384397419646'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/2420743384397419646'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2009/08/poor-networks-neutrons-and-lookaheads.html' title='Poor Networks, Neurons and Lookaheads'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-6864826767531517828</id><published>2009-07-28T11:33:00.017+02:00</published><updated>2009-08-01T09:30:43.838+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Programming'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Python'/><title type='text'>These little annoying and surprising things...</title><content type='html'>...concerning Python as language of "very clear syntax which emphasizes code readability" (Wikipedia):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;A = Annoying == Anti-Python&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;1. The naming conventions of...:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) ...package-files/magic members: &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;__init__.py&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;def __del__&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;__name__&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b) ...visibility modifiers: &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;_protected&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;__private&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So _ and __ in general. Really, why did Guido do this? Is there an explanation? Perhaps it's inherited from another language?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;2. The verbose...:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) ...object inheritance declaration of each class: &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;class Standard(object)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b) ..."self"-reference of each class-value/-constructor/-function just to indicate that it's non-static: &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;def compute(self, number),&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;self.Radius&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;def __init__(self)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;(3. Multiple inheritance&lt;/span&gt;: It's no coincidence that most languages don't support multiple inheritance. Normally, you don't need it and it is a trap which makes debugging almost impossible. It is definitely not a feature for a language which emphasizes code readability and clear syntax.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;S = Surprising&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Powerful ability to handle and process strings in general.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Lambda/Annonymous functions: &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(lambda x, y : x + y)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Managed Attributes: &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;property([fget[, fset[, fdel[, doc]]]])&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Great modification abilities due to magic members/methods and type-emulation.&lt;br /&gt;4. List comprehension, generator expressions and yield.&lt;br /&gt;5. Function decorations. Java has this one too.&lt;br /&gt;6. Localization module. It's neat and easy to localize your programs.&lt;br /&gt;7. Parallel computing module!&lt;br /&gt;8. Awesome network protocol capabilities.&lt;br /&gt;9. Unit tests.&lt;br /&gt;10. The best documantation I've ever seen.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-6864826767531517828?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/6864826767531517828/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=6864826767531517828' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/6864826767531517828'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/6864826767531517828'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2009/07/these-little-annoying-and-surprising.html' title='These little annoying and surprising things...'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-8722523375509979450</id><published>2009-07-26T16:58:00.005+02:00</published><updated>2009-07-26T17:30:41.578+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Programming'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Java'/><title type='text'>Blagh</title><content type='html'>1. Blagh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;I read the Post "&lt;a href="http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2009/02/vacation-last-semester-was-very-intense.html"&gt;Crying&lt;/a&gt;" again and must say that Java is definitely my favourite programming language.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;I totally lost every knowledge of Python which's a bad thing since I'll have to use it in a exam in a few months.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;I got attached to Twitter. It's so convenient and you can watch it on the panel of my blog.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;I read Russell's Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy. Very interesting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Pathfinder:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I had to write a small Java program that implements Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm in order to find the shortest path between two cities. You can download the source code &lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/260261125/Pathfinder.zip"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. You can add nodes and edges to the data.txt and the user interface is console-based.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Imageboardsave:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Currently, I'm writing a program which downloads every image and Rapidshare URL in a thread of an imageboard. The program works for AnonIB at the moment and the user can specify how many pages he want to search. The program scans the page for threads and download the content to:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;/threadID/picturefilename.something&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and the Rapidshare-URLs to:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;/threadID/rapidshare.txt&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Subthreads, i.e. more than a one-page thread, are considered as well. It even has a graphical user interface programmed in Java Swing. Actually, it runs pretty good right now, but I don't want to release it yet.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-8722523375509979450?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/8722523375509979450/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=8722523375509979450' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8722523375509979450'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8722523375509979450'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2009/07/blagh.html' title='Blagh'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-4632121522325434833</id><published>2009-05-20T12:40:00.008+02:00</published><updated>2009-05-25T10:43:50.784+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Programming'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Java'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Academic'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Computational Linguistics'/><title type='text'>Language Guesser and OpenNLP Pipe</title><content type='html'>1. The first program I wrote estimates the language of a document, based on a simple statistical bigram model. It takes 5 arguments from commandline based on following syntax:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;java Main trainfile_lang_1 trainfile_lang_2 trainfile_lang_3 trainfile_lang_4 testfile_lang&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;e.g.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;java Main ./europarl/train/de/ep-01-de.train  ./europarl/train/en/ep-01-en.train  ./europarl/train/es/ep-01-es.train  ./europarl/train/fr/ep-01-fr.train  ./europarl/test/de/ep-01-de.test&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and writes to the system standard output: "Die Sprache ist wahrscheinlich Deutsch." (The language is probably German.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You see, this is very static and perhaps I'll make it more dynamic in the future. It was originally created to estimate the language of a protocol from the European parliament. You can download it &lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/235147483/Bigram.tar"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, but please be aware that the comments are in German.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. The second program is more interesting. It takes a XML file with tags and everything and writes the sentences to a file in following format:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;token TAB tag TAB chunk&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;e.g. for the sentence "Is this love?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Is    VBZ    O&lt;br /&gt;this    DT    B-NP&lt;br /&gt;love    NN    O&lt;br /&gt;?    .    O&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It just takes the path to the XML file as commandline argument. To run the program you'll need 2 things. &lt;a href="http://ant.apache.org/"&gt;Ant &lt;/a&gt;and the OpenNLP &lt;a href="http://opennlp.sourceforge.net/models/"&gt;models&lt;/a&gt;. You can download the program &lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/236971240/NLPipe.zip"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;/*&lt;br /&gt;* To ensure the functionality of the program, the models EnglishChunk.bin.gz,&lt;br /&gt;* EnglishSD.bin.gz, EnglishTok.bin.gz, tag.bin.gz and tagdict.htm have to be&lt;br /&gt;* in the models directory.&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;br /&gt;* IMPORTANT:&lt;br /&gt;* The models have to be downloaded and placed in the models directory&lt;br /&gt;* otherwise the program won't work. The download links can be found in&lt;br /&gt;* ./model/readme.txt.&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;br /&gt;* Install:&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;br /&gt;* 1. Download the models at OpenNLP: http://opennlp.sourceforge.net/&lt;br /&gt;* 2. Run Ant&lt;br /&gt;* 3. Start the program with java -jar NLPipe.jar XMLfile&lt;br /&gt;* 4. Optionally you can run the program with: ant -Dargs="XMLfile" run&lt;br /&gt;* 5. Optionally you can archive the basedir with: ant tar&lt;br /&gt;*/&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-4632121522325434833?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/4632121522325434833/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=4632121522325434833' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4632121522325434833'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4632121522325434833'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2009/05/language-guesser-and-opennlp-pipe.html' title='Language Guesser and OpenNLP Pipe'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-5286756405858521633</id><published>2009-04-10T10:27:00.004+02:00</published><updated>2009-04-10T11:53:42.971+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Academic'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='About'/><title type='text'>Recap</title><content type='html'>This is going to be a very boring semester. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Java&lt;/span&gt; is really interesting but also complicated for a beginner. Compared to Python, it feels like a mature language and you have to think (more) about what you're doing. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Formal Syntax&lt;/span&gt; is complex and time-consuming, especially for me, since I'm not into Syntax. I'm more interested in semantics and therefore &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Logic&lt;/span&gt; is quite fancy - although sometimes it's as boring as Math. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Acoustic phonetics&lt;/span&gt; hasn't started yet and &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Artificial Intelligence&lt;/span&gt; is fun but often too superficial - we aren't concerned with Natural Language Processing. Hence I plan to do a small pragmatic series on AI and to recap what I'll learn in the course. I also took two courses in English: &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Translation into German&lt;/span&gt; (boring as hell) and &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;English to the 1700 century&lt;/span&gt; (boring lecturer), but they aren't worth to mention.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Finally, there's no post in my blogroll which could wake my interest. Except - well, in a not so positive way - for a news on Eureka Alert. This is one of the cases which I'd entitle 'the most unspectacular findings - that are no findings because everybody already knows - in science'. The study says that music is culturally independent when it comes to convey (certain) emotions. Well, everyone who's listened to a song in another language knows this. The study goes one step further and investigates the influence of music from fundamentally different cultures: &lt;a href="http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/03/19/language.music.really.universal.study.finds"&gt;Language of music really is universal, study finds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-5286756405858521633?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/5286756405858521633/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=5286756405858521633' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5286756405858521633'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5286756405858521633'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2009/04/recap.html' title='Recap'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-9028483765640020406</id><published>2009-03-16T14:05:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2009-03-16T14:18:17.132+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 16. March, 2009</title><content type='html'>1. Joint attention and the difference between &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;we&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;I&lt;/span&gt; might be the key in order to understand language evolution.&lt;br /&gt;My opinion is, that language evolved to set borders. The border of &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;; my person, my belongings, my needs and thoughts, my standing within society - in opposition to others.&lt;br /&gt;The border of &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;; our tribe, our race, our territory, our hunting grounds, our ideals - in opposition to others.&lt;br /&gt;Language is a &lt;span&gt;cultural and psychological necessity&lt;/span&gt; to govern, identify, interact and define oneself if things are getting more complex. A &lt;span&gt;biological necessity&lt;/span&gt; to define entities in time and space and to interact with them in a complex way on different planes. A way to &lt;span&gt;optimize&lt;/span&gt; doing things, like hunting strategies, complex hierarchies, standings to other tribes: &lt;a href="http://www.babelsdawn.com/babels_dawn/2009/03/a-tale-without-episodes.html#more"&gt;A Tale Without Episodes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. A very strange article. As a computerlinguist I'm very interested in how they compute the evolution of a language. I can't imagine how this could work. There are several factors which seem to be just too random to be calculated. How did they trace the words? Did they use OCR to scan documents and match words? There is this particular paragraph, which I don't understand at all:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Looking to the future, the less frequently certain words are used, the more likely they are to be replaced. Other simple rules have been uncovered - numerals evolve the slowest, then nouns, then verbs, then adjectives. Conjunctions and prepositions such as 'and', 'or', 'but' , 'on', 'over' and 'against' evolve the fastest, some as much as 100 times faster than numerals.&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What does evolve mean here? Change? How can prepositions change? These things are bound by perception and are, in my opinion, as static as numerals: &lt;a href="http://www.reading.ac.uk/about/newsandevents/releases/PR19825.asp"&gt;Scientists discover oldest words in the English language and predict which ones are likely to disappear in the future&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. I'm quite into morbid things; like mummies and anatomical stuff. Lately, Pink Tentacle wrote a post about monster mummies and living mummies - formerly known as living Buddhist monks. They've killed themselves (slowly) in a timespan of 3000 days and now are relics of a sort: &lt;a href="http://www.pinktentacle.com/2009/03/monster-mummies-of-japan/"&gt;Monster mummies of Japan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Does your language influence your preference in music? Language and music are associated: &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/notrocketscience/2009/03/why_music_sounds_right_-_the_hidden_tones_in_our_own_speech.php#more"&gt;Why music sounds right - the hidden tones in our own speech&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. A very basic lecture about language held at Yale University. It covers fundamentals of linguistics - Pidgin &amp;amp; Creoles, language as human trait, language universals, (innate) language capacity, phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics (in this order) and so on: &lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/how-do-we-communicate-language"&gt;How Do We Communicate?: Language in the Brain, Mouth and the Hands&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-9028483765640020406?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/9028483765640020406/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=9028483765640020406' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/9028483765640020406'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/9028483765640020406'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2009/03/points-of-interest-16-march-2009.html' title='Points of Interest 16. March, 2009'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-6254061695060456828</id><published>2009-02-18T12:21:00.007+01:00</published><updated>2009-02-18T13:15:03.481+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Programming'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Academic'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='About'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Python'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Computational Linguistics'/><title type='text'>Crying</title><content type='html'>Vacation! Last semester was very intense, no time for anything. Gosh, and now I'm trying to learn Java... It's far more complicated than imagined. Python was neat and easy - in comparison - but Java is far more potent, so they say. I don't quite understand why I've to write code which seems to be obsolete - at least for a beginner like me , e.g.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;public class HelloWorld&lt;br /&gt;{&lt;br /&gt; public static void main(String argv[])&lt;br /&gt; {&lt;br /&gt;  System.out.println("Hello World!");&lt;br /&gt; }&lt;br /&gt;}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;is equivalent to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;print "Hello World!"&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;in Python.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And next semester I'm going to die for sure... Here're my courses:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Formal Syntax&lt;/span&gt;: I'm more the Morphology, Phonology, Semantics type. Actually Syntax is the only thing which gives me problems.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Java&lt;/span&gt;: Well, it's going to be hard I'd say.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Logic&lt;/span&gt;: I like formal logic, really.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Artificial Intelligence&lt;/span&gt;: Very very interesting. Inference, neuronal networks, genetic algorithms and that stuff - you know...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Acoustic Phonetics&lt;/span&gt;: This sounds good: Reading spectrograms and get in touch with VoiceXML.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-6254061695060456828?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/6254061695060456828/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=6254061695060456828' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/6254061695060456828'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/6254061695060456828'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2009/02/vacation-last-semester-was-very-intense.html' title='Crying'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-5862540436667487056</id><published>2009-02-17T16:08:00.004+01:00</published><updated>2009-02-17T18:18:22.116+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 17. February, 2009</title><content type='html'>1. 20 years prison or death sentence for translating the Qu'ran? Welcome to our illustrious humanistic and democratic circle, dear Afghanistan: &lt;a href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1151"&gt;The dangers of translation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Help to classify galaxies and work for science, now! You'll be shown pictures of galaxies and asked questions about their spiral arms and other features. A task which you can do better than a computer and will help astronomy: &lt;a href="https://www.galaxyzoo.org/"&gt;Galaxy Zoo 2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. The 2009 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji"&gt;Jōyō Kanji&lt;/a&gt; update is coming up and the two favourites are 俺 (ore, which means informal "I") and 誰 (dare, question pronoun "who?"). I think "dare" is quite common these days, even in formal context. Of course one can say donata which is more formal: &lt;a href="http://no-sword.jp/blog/2009/02/joyo_list_to_level_up.html"&gt;Jōyō list to level up&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Speech perception is much more than hearing sounds. There are several other senses than hearing involved: &lt;a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-02/afps-rml021109.php"&gt;Read my lips: Using multiple senses in speech perception&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Steven Pinker explains the critical points of his book "The Blank Slate":&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;iframe src="http://dotsub.com/media/7ab08bc5-c2f7-40c8-8f01-29b75aa37287/e/m" width="420" frameborder="0" height="347"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-5862540436667487056?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/5862540436667487056/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=5862540436667487056' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5862540436667487056'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5862540436667487056'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2009/02/points-of-interest-17-february-2009.html' title='Points of Interest 17. February, 2009'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-991539028743316068</id><published>2008-12-22T12:48:00.006+01:00</published><updated>2009-02-18T13:23:42.431+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Programming'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Python'/><title type='text'>Python Madness</title><content type='html'>My Night at 3 AM: Hacking Python code to learn the language. That's a life! Here's what I've done so far:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Decimal to dual conversion:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;import sys&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;def bd(x):&lt;br /&gt; n = []&lt;br /&gt; if x &lt; 0: &lt;br /&gt;  return "Positive integer required"&lt;br /&gt; elif x == 0:&lt;br /&gt;  return [0]&lt;br /&gt; else:&lt;br /&gt;  while x &gt; 0:&lt;br /&gt;   n.insert(0,x%2)&lt;br /&gt;   x = x/2&lt;br /&gt;   bd(x)&lt;br /&gt; return n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;if __name__ == "__main__":&lt;br /&gt; try:&lt;br /&gt;  number = int(raw_input("Number: "))&lt;br /&gt;  print bd(number)&lt;br /&gt; except ValueError:&lt;br /&gt;  sys.stderr.write("Integer required\n")&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Basic truthtables:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;def logicalAnd():&lt;br /&gt; for valueOne in range(2):&lt;br /&gt;  for valueTwo in range(2):&lt;br /&gt;   print "%d %d %d"%(valueOne, valueTwo, valueOne and valueTwo)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;def logicalOr():&lt;br /&gt; for valueOne in range(2):&lt;br /&gt;  for valueTwo in range(2):&lt;br /&gt;   print "%d %d %d"%(valueOne, valueTwo, valueOne or valueTwo)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;def logicalConditional():&lt;br /&gt; for valueOne in range(2):&lt;br /&gt;  for valueTwo in range(2):&lt;br /&gt;   print "%d %d %d"%(valueOne, valueTwo, not valueOne or valueTwo)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;def logicalBiconditional():&lt;br /&gt; for valueOne in range(2):&lt;br /&gt;  for valueTwo in range(2):&lt;br /&gt;   print "%d %d %d"%(valueOne, valueTwo, valueOne is valueTwo)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;if __name__ == "__main__":&lt;br /&gt; op = raw_input("Connective: ")&lt;br /&gt; if op == "and":&lt;br /&gt;  logicalAnd()&lt;br /&gt; elif op == "or":&lt;br /&gt;  logicalOr()&lt;br /&gt; elif op == "conditional":&lt;br /&gt;  logicalConditional()&lt;br /&gt; elif op == "biconditional":&lt;br /&gt;  logicalBiconditional()&lt;br /&gt; else:&lt;br /&gt;  print "Connective not known"&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. ASCII table. First column is the ASCII value, second column is the local interpretation, third column is the raw UTF-8 interpretation, fourth column is the hexadecimal value:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;for element in xrange(256):&lt;br /&gt; print "%s \t %s \t %s \t %s"%(element,%%&lt;br /&gt; chr(element), str(tuple(chr(element)))%%&lt;br /&gt; .strip("()'',"), chr(element).encode("hex"))&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Perhaps a complicated dual to decimal program:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;def reverseRange(input):&lt;br /&gt; n = []&lt;br /&gt; for i in range(len(input)-1,-1,-1):&lt;br /&gt;  n.append(i)&lt;br /&gt; return n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;def singleValues(input):&lt;br /&gt; m = []&lt;br /&gt; for  i in input:&lt;br /&gt;  m.append(i)&lt;br /&gt; return m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;if __name__ == "__main__":&lt;br /&gt; input = raw_input("Number: ")&lt;br /&gt; rR = reverseRange(input)&lt;br /&gt; sV = singleValues(input)&lt;br /&gt; dN = 0&lt;br /&gt; for i in range(len(sV)):&lt;br /&gt;  dN += int(sV[i])*2**int(rR[i])&lt;br /&gt; print dN&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This code works in 2.6.1&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-991539028743316068?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/991539028743316068/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=991539028743316068' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/991539028743316068'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/991539028743316068'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/12/python-madness.html' title='Python Madness'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3523148577904464411</id><published>2008-12-21T19:39:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2008-12-21T20:01:06.484+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Technology'/><title type='text'>Ubuntu On Samsung NC10</title><content type='html'>Last month I bought Samsung's NC netbook and I'm astonished how cool it is. It's really handy if you travel a lot (I do!) and have a lot to code (I do!). Unfortunately, there are some issues which have to be solved first.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Touchpad problem: It totally sucks when you write something and your fat and overdimensioned nerdy hand (or what I like to call it: The Hand Of Code) gets even slightly over the touchpad. Therefore you totally need to disable the touchpad for a certain time. Fortunately, the gods of Ubuntu created a program called 'syndaemon' which exactly works like this. It's useful to put it to your autostart via System &gt; Preferences &gt; Sessions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Excessive load cycle: It slowly kills your hard drive. So better follow &lt;a href="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PowerManagement"&gt;these instructions&lt;/a&gt; to set the correct values. It seems that there are still issues even if you've changed the options.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For further information you should check out:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://nc10ubuntu.wordpress.com/"&gt;Ubuntu on the Samsung NC10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://nc10linux.wordpress.com/"&gt;Linux on the Samsung NC10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/NC10"&gt;The Ubuntu NC10 Community Documentation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3523148577904464411?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3523148577904464411/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3523148577904464411' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3523148577904464411'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3523148577904464411'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/12/ubuntu-on-samsung-nc10.html' title='Ubuntu On Samsung NC10'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-8062740746809429364</id><published>2008-12-19T12:15:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2008-12-19T12:15:31.007+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Computational Linguistics'/><title type='text'>Natural Language Processing Online Applications</title><content type='html'>I want to present an interesting link list with online and free to use interactive NLP related applications:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. &lt;a href="http://decentius.aksis.uib.no/logon/xle.xml"&gt;XLE Web Interface&lt;/a&gt;  allows you to parse sentences of German, English, Norwegian, Welsh, Malagasy and Arabic. You'll get a very detailed parse tree and the functional structure of the sentence, for "This is madness!" you'd get:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://img247.imageshack.us/my.php?image=xlewiku5.png" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img247.imageshack.us/img247/6359/xlewiku5.th.png" alt="Free Image Hosting at www.ImageShack.us" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. &lt;a href="http://wortschatz.uni-leipzig.de/"&gt;Wortschatz Leipzig&lt;/a&gt; is a German application that crawls the web for a word and returns a detailed analysis of the word frequency, collocations and semantic relations. The word-graphs are most interesting, e.g. the graph for "Humbug" (German for "rubbish"):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://img514.imageshack.us/my.php?image=wlbq8.png" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img514.imageshack.us/img514/4927/wlbq8.th.png" alt="Free Image Hosting at www.ImageShack.us" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;a href="http://wordnet.princeton.edu/"&gt;WordNet&lt;/a&gt; is a large lexical database for English, e.g. "house" would show following interpretations:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://img155.imageshack.us/my.php?image=wnnp1.png" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img155.imageshack.us/img155/2257/wnnp1.th.png" alt="Free Image Hosting at www.ImageShack.us" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. &lt;a href="http://www.answerbus.com/index.shtml"&gt;Answerbus&lt;/a&gt; is a search engine like Google or Yahoo but with semantics! You can ask natural questions like "Who killed JFK?" and will (perhaps) get the answer "Oswald killed JFK". Perhaps... because the system actually sucks and you can easily outmaneuver it. Another search engine is &lt;a href="http://start.csail.mit.edu/"&gt;START&lt;/a&gt;, which sucks too.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. &lt;a href="http://beta.visl.sdu.dk/visl/de/edutainment/games/wordfall.php"&gt;Wordfall&lt;/a&gt; is an awesome linguistic game! It's like Tetris but instead of blocks you have to match words to their constituents. Look:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://img228.imageshack.us/my.php?image=unbenanntnn1.png" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img228.imageshack.us/img228/3080/unbenanntnn1.th.png" alt="Free Image Hosting at www.ImageShack.us" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. &lt;a href="http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/~lothar/nw/"&gt;Wortwarte&lt;/a&gt; is a German site about neologisms in the media. They are collected and sorted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. A cool German chatbot called &lt;a href="http://www.elbot.de/"&gt;ELBOT&lt;/a&gt;. It would definitely pass my Turing Test.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. Think of a thing and &lt;a href="http://www.20q.net/"&gt;20Q&lt;/a&gt; will read your mind by asking 20 questions. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. Machine Translation is one of the prime disciplines of NLP. Everyone knows &lt;a href="http://de.babelfish.yahoo.com/"&gt;Babelfish&lt;/a&gt;. It's not only a translator in the Hitchhiker's Guide but also an online translator like &lt;a href="http://translate.google.de/"&gt;Google Translation&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10. &lt;a href="http://odur.let.rug.nl/~vannoord/TextCat/Demo/"&gt;TextCat&lt;/a&gt; is a language guesser based on an n-gram Perl script. Another and better one would be the &lt;a href="http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/tools/guesser-ISO-8859-1.en.html"&gt;XRCE language guesser&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-8062740746809429364?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/8062740746809429364/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=8062740746809429364' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8062740746809429364'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8062740746809429364'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/12/natural-language-processing-online.html' title='Natural Language Processing Online Applications'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-552083582375111296</id><published>2008-12-03T13:37:00.010+01:00</published><updated>2008-12-06T11:06:39.233+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Computational Linguistics'/><title type='text'>N-Gram M-Adness</title><content type='html'>One of the main basic concepts of Natural Language Processing is the model of n-grams. It's the splitting of a sequence into n-subsequences, e.g.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(1) Now the lord once decided to set off for the mountain where the man lives&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For n = 1 (unigram) the sentence is splitted into:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(n = 1) [ [Now] [the] [lord] [once] [decided] [to] [set] [off] [for] [the] [mountain] [where] [the] [man] [lives] ]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For n = 2 (bigram) the sentence is splitted into:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(n = 2) [ [Now the] [the lord] [lord once] [once decided] [decided to] [to set] [set off] [off for] [for the] [the mountain] [mountain where] [where the] [the man] [man lives] ]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For n = 3 (trigram) the sentence is splitted into:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(n = 3) [ [Now the lord] [the lord once] [lord once decided] [once decided to] [decided to set] [to set off] [set off for] [off for the] [for the mountain] [the mountain where] [mountain where the] [where the man] [the man lives] ]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Okay you get the idea. The sequence of words "w&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, ..., w&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;" is splitted into "w&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt; and w&lt;sub&gt;k-1&lt;/sub&gt;" for bigrams, "w&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt; and w&lt;sub&gt;k-1&lt;/sub&gt;, w&lt;sub&gt;k-2&lt;/sub&gt;" for trigrams and "w&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt; and w&lt;sub&gt;k-n+1&lt;/sub&gt;, ... w&lt;sub&gt;k-1&lt;/sub&gt;" in general.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here's the relevant Python code for making n-grams:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;def makeNGrams(inpStr, n):&lt;br /&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;token = inpStr.split()&lt;br /&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;nGram = []&lt;br /&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;for i in range(len(token)):&lt;br /&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;if i+n &gt; len(token):&lt;br /&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;break&lt;br /&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;nGram.append(token[i:n+i])&lt;br /&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;return nGram&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Or a bit more condense:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;def makeNGrams(inpStr, n):&lt;br /&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;inpStr = inpStr.split()&lt;br /&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;return [inpStr[i:n+i] for i in range(len(inpStr)) if len(inpStr)&gt;=i+n]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Why do you need this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Machine Learning uses n-gram models to learn and induce rules from strings.&lt;br /&gt;2. Probabilistic models use n-grams for spell checking and correcting misspelled words.&lt;br /&gt;3. Compression of data.&lt;br /&gt;4. Optical character recognition (OCR), Machine Translation (MT) and Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR) use n-grams to compute the probability of a word sequence or generally a pattern sequence.&lt;br /&gt;5. Identify the language of a text (&lt;a href="http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/tools/guesser-ISO-8859-1.en.html"&gt;demo here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;6. Identify the species given a DNA sample.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For example you can compute the probability of a sequence by multipling all previous probabilities: P(w&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;|w&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, ..., w&lt;sub&gt;k-1&lt;/sub&gt;) but if one of these previous sequences is zero, the whole expression will be zero too. This is a huge problem, since these long sequences are hardly ever seen in corpora, even if you take the internet, e.g. "The world, as we know it, will be changed by the pollution of the environment". Therefore we only take the direct predecessor by using an n-gram model and can estimate the probability. Another application for n-grams can be found in Part of Speech tagging and probabilistic disambiguation of tags, e.g. the probability of "book/NN the/DT flight/NN" versus the probability "book/VB the/DT flight/NN".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I wrote a very simple program to predict the next word given a sequence of words in a corpus, e.g. input: "I will eat"; output: "fish" you can find it &lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/170750014/blatt6.py"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another program concering n-grams, which I wrote, is available &lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/170750065/blatt7.py"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. It extracts proper nouns, e.g. "New York City" from English texts.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-552083582375111296?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/552083582375111296/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=552083582375111296' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/552083582375111296'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/552083582375111296'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/12/n-gram-m-adness.html' title='N-Gram M-Adness'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-1132350333392904487</id><published>2008-11-14T16:30:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2008-11-14T16:50:09.277+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='About'/><title type='text'>Art of the State</title><content type='html'>Currently I'm very busy in learning the formal foundations of linguistics (Set Theory, Relations), programming (Python) and computational linguistics (Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Context Free Grammars).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I got an e-mail. Really. From a reader. By the way, it's my first; that's why I'm quite enthusiastic. He suggested to introduce my readers (do I have any?) to his blog &lt;a href="http://neuropolitics.org/"&gt;Neuropolitics&lt;/a&gt;. Well, well, I read the first sentences and decided to mention it in this post. Form your own opinion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perhaps I'm going to write about the foundations of Natural Language Processing or upload some Python code which could be used to play with strings. Mostly harmless, not really meaningful code. I don't think that I'll have time for something else anyway.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-1132350333392904487?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/1132350333392904487/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=1132350333392904487' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1132350333392904487'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1132350333392904487'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/11/art-of-state.html' title='Art of the State'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-6130027815178893</id><published>2008-10-11T14:01:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-10-11T14:03:48.437+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='About'/><title type='text'>Time's running, running out</title><content type='html'>Unfortunately, I don't have time to blog for the time being. I study natural language processing, which is very intense. So give me a week or two and I'll come back.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-6130027815178893?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/6130027815178893/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=6130027815178893' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/6130027815178893'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/6130027815178893'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/10/times-running-running-out.html' title='Time&apos;s running, running out'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-1781251458723333800</id><published>2008-10-05T11:47:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-10-05T11:47:08.204+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 05. October, 2008</title><content type='html'>1. Please dear god make this an imperative:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://xkcd.com/481"&gt;&lt;img style="width: 150px; height: 150px;" src="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/listen_to_yourself.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Why don't apes use language although they could? Because they don't have a psychological infrastructure of shared intentionality. Bolles' Review of Tomasello's Power Point Prose: &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/09/speakers-listen.html"&gt;Part 1&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/09/how-fascinating.html"&gt;Part 2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. I always wondered which type of camouflage the US Army use since it looks like bad pixels of ancient computer days. Here's why they use digital camouflage: &lt;a href="http://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/can-you-see-me-now/"&gt;Can You See Me Now?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Dying of capsaicin? Well, I eat Habaneros every day - no joke: &lt;a href="http://bayblab.blogspot.com/2008/09/which-organisms-can-feel-pain.html"&gt;Which organisms can feel pain?&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://bayblab.blogspot.com/2008/10/chili-capsaicin-and-cancer.html"&gt;Chili, capsaicin and cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Time for linguistic lolcat:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://web.mac.com/arnold_zwicky/tenwords.png"&gt;&lt;img style="width: 150px; height: 150px;" src="http://web.mac.com/arnold_zwicky/tenwords.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. After several years of detective work, philologists at the University of Stavanger in Norway have collected a unique collection of texts online. Now they're about to start the most comprehensive analysis of middle English ever: &lt;a href="http://www.alphagalileo.org/index.cfm?_rss=1&amp;amp;fuseaction=readrelease&amp;amp;releaseid=532383"&gt;New life for Middle English: Norwegian detective work gives new knowledge of the English language. &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. Syntactic persistence is the tendency for speakers to produce sentences using similar grammatical patterns and rules of language as those they have used before. Although the way this occurs is not well understood, previous research has indicated that this effect may involve a specific aspect of memory function. Memory is made up of two components: declarative and procedural. Declarative memory is used in remembering events and facts. Procedural memory helps us to remember how to perform tasks, such as playing the piano or riding a bike. A recent study suggests that the common phrase, "it's so easy, it's like riding a bike" should perhaps be replaced with "it's so easy, it's like forming a sentence.": &lt;a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/afps-ura092308.php"&gt;Un-total recall: Amnesics remember grammar, but not meaning of new sentences&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. Cool new robots from Japan with cool abilities: &lt;a href="http://www.pinktentacle.com/2008/10/photos-robots-at-ceatec-2008/"&gt;Photos: Robots at CEATEC 2008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10. It's the thalamus that actually matters for sentence processing: &lt;a href="http://talkingbrains.blogspot.com/2008/09/thalamus-yes-basal-ganglia-nope.html"&gt;Thalamus? Yes. Basal ganglia? Nope.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11. Beautiful statue: &lt;a href="http://morbidanatomy.blogspot.com/2008/09/transi-de-ren-de-chalon-ligier-richier.html"&gt;"Transi de René de Chalon," Ligier Richier, 1547&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;12. Broca's area shows a "sentence complexity" effect. It responds more during the comprehension of object relative (OR) constructions than easier to process subject relative (SR) constructions: &lt;a href="http://talkingbrains.blogspot.com/2008/09/brocas-area-sentence-comprehension-and.html"&gt;Broca's area, sentence comprehension, and working memory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;13. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/notrocketscience/2008/09/carbon_nanotechnology_in_an_17th_century_damascus_sword.php"&gt;Carbon nanotechnology in an 17th century Damascus sword&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;14. A Bob Dylon song encoded in XML: &lt;a href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=659"&gt;Encoding Dylan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;15. Why choose the lesser evil?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://web.mac.com/arnold_zwicky/IrregularDebate.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="width: 150px; height: 150px;" src="http://web.mac.com/arnold_zwicky/IrregularDebate.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;16. Interesting, really: &lt;a href="http://bayblab.blogspot.com/2008/10/how-to-beat-off-cold.html"&gt;How to beat of a cold&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;17. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/notrocketscience/2008/10/taking_the_new_out_of_neurons.php"&gt;Taking the new out of neurons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;18. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/notrocketscience/2008/09/robostarfish_learns_about_itself_and_adapts_to_injuries.php"&gt;Robo-starfish learns about itself and adapts to injuries&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;19: &lt;a href="http://bayblab.blogspot.com/2008/10/2008-ignobels.html"&gt;2008 IgNobels&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-1781251458723333800?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/1781251458723333800/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=1781251458723333800' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1781251458723333800'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1781251458723333800'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/10/points-of-interest-05-october-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 05. October, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-2986656869582622900</id><published>2008-09-22T21:16:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-09-22T21:16:16.659+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 22. September, 2008</title><content type='html'>1. Listeneres can only keep up with the rapid rate of speech (5 syllables/second) because they anticipate the missing possible syllables of the word. A new study conducted by scientists of the University of Rochester and Georgia Tech showed that this is not only true for the phonology but also the semantics of words: &lt;a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/uor-swa091108.php"&gt;Scientists watch as listener's brain predicts speaker's words&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/105/35/13111.abstract"&gt;Neural correlates of partial lexical activation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. At age 3–4, the overwhelming majority of children behave selfishly, whereas most children at age 7–8 prefer resource allocations that remove advantageous or disadvantageous inequality: &lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v454/n7208/abs/nature07155.html"&gt;Egalitarianism in young children&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. The evolution of speech. Speech recognition part in macaques found: &lt;a href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=monkey-brains-hint-at-evolutionary-root"&gt;Monkey Brains Hint at Evolutionary Root of Language Processing &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. World largest semantic map revealed. First steps toward Semantic Web? &lt;a href="http://www.physorg.com/news140929129.html"&gt;Computers figuring out what words mean&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. The right word is in our jaw: &lt;a href="http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2008/915/2"&gt;Speaking Without Sound&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://www.physorg.com/news140613973.html"&gt;Breakthrough in understanding of speech offers hope to the deaf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. Stuttering causes bilingualism: &lt;a href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=603"&gt;Does bilingualism cause stuttering?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. Neuroaesthetics? &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2008/09/beauty_the_brain.php"&gt;Beauty &amp;amp; the Brain&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://www.seedmagazine.com/news/2008/09/beauty_and_the_brain.php"&gt;Beauty and the Brain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. Save humanity. But first I want more funds for computational linguistics: &lt;a href="http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/michael/blog/2008/09/funding-the-mitigation-of-extinction-risks/"&gt;Funding the Mitigation of Extinction Risks&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction"&gt;How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. Humans - The best race there is and ever was on earth? Stop kidding me, Lystrosaurus dominated more: &lt;a href="http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/michael/blog/2008/09/technologies-to-watch-out-for-self-copying/"&gt;Technologies to Watch Out For: Self-Copying&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10. The geometric bucket a systematical view: &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/09/a_simple_toy_and_what_it_says.php"&gt;A simple toy, and what it says about how we learn to mentally rotate objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11. Oh my arse: &lt;a href="http://bayblab.blogspot.com/2008/09/evolution-of-assholes.html"&gt;The Evolution of Assholes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;12. The seven gates to humanity: &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/09/seven-gateways.html"&gt;What I've Learned About Human Origins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;13. I like the picture of possible paths for human evolution: &lt;a href="http://anthropology.net/2008/09/19/mark-stonekings-four-models-of-human-origins/"&gt;Mark Stoneking’s Four Models Of Human Origins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;14. About rhymes in Japanese Hip Hop and what they reveal about the language: &lt;a href="http://no-sword.jp/blog/2008/09/experiment_like_a_scientist.html"&gt;I'll experiment like a scientist/ You wanna rhyme, you gotta sign my list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;15. &lt;a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003083"&gt;“Thinking about Not-Thinking”: Neural Correlates of Conceptual Processing during Zen Meditation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;16. &lt;a href="http://www.researchchannel.org/prog/displayevent.aspx?rID=16247&amp;amp;fID=4139#"&gt;Suicidal Individuals: Evaluation, Therapies, and Ethics – Part 1&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href="http://www.researchchannel.org/prog/displayevent.aspx?rID=16248&amp;amp;fID=4139"&gt;Part 2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-2986656869582622900?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/2986656869582622900/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=2986656869582622900' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/2986656869582622900'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/2986656869582622900'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/09/points-of-interest-22-september-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 22. September, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-7489364539990401469</id><published>2008-09-17T09:43:00.014+02:00</published><updated>2008-09-17T12:25:18.747+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 17. September, 2008</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;I got a bit picky about the Points of Interest I choose these days; so less is more. A problem which occured while writing this and which is bothering me: What's the difference between:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) It is not&lt;br /&gt;b) It isn't&lt;br /&gt;c) It's not&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I think the first is the most emphasised because there is no contraction at all. The second emphasises the subject - due to the contraction of "is not" the stress shifts to "It". The third emphasises the negation because the stress lies on "not". Language Hat had &lt;a href="http://www.languagehat.com/archives/001969.php"&gt;a post&lt;/a&gt; about this in 2005.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. [...] findings suggest that New Caledonian crows can solve complex physical problems by reasoning both causally and analogically about causal relations: &lt;a href="http://henry.simon.net.nz/stories/2008/09/17/do-new-caledonian-crows-solve-physical-problems-through-causal-reasoning/"&gt;Do New Caledonian crows solve physical problems through causal reasoning?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alex Taylor explains the experiment:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;object width="300" height="300"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/M52ZVtmPE9g&amp;amp;hl=de&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;amp;rel=0"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/M52ZVtmPE9g&amp;amp;hl=de&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;amp;rel=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" width="350" height="350"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Pro Transhumanism. It's not a matter of philosophy - It's a matter of time: &lt;a href="http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/michael/blog/2008/09/transhumanism-as-universal/"&gt;Transhumanism as Universal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. About the temperature of excluding metaphors: &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/notrocketscience/2008/09/social_exclusion_literally_feels_cold.php"&gt;Social exclusion literally feels cold&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Pulvermuller's vs. Wernicke-Lichtheim's functional anatomy of language: &lt;a href="http://talkingbrains.blogspot.com/2008/09/pulvermuller-wernicke-lichtheim.html"&gt;Pulvermuller = Wernicke-Lichtheim&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-7489364539990401469?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/7489364539990401469/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=7489364539990401469' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7489364539990401469'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7489364539990401469'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/09/points-of-interest-17-september-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 17. September, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-6132866450603525482</id><published>2008-09-15T13:51:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-09-15T13:51:53.427+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 15. September, 2008</title><content type='html'>1. An interesting article about &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2008/09/neurobiology_of_a_hallucination.php"&gt;the neurobiology of a hallucination&lt;/a&gt; based on Ffytche, D. (2008). The hodology of hallucinations. Cortex 44: 1067-1083. DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2008.04.005:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;"In the EEG experiments, the activity recorded from two of the electrodes was found to become sychronous whilst the subjects were hallucinating. [...] Ffytche hypothesizes that the changes in connectivity could be due to changes in the firing mode of the thalamo-cortical connections [...] Overall, Fytche's findings suggest that hallucination cannot be explained by a topological or hodological explanation alone, but instead by a combination of the two. [...]"&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Gestalt meets linguistic relativism: &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/09/what-ive-learne.html"&gt;What Bolles have learned about language&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. "[...] some so-far anonymous computational linguist caused United Airlines to lose more than a billion dollars of its market capitalization, over the course of about 12 minutes last Monday: &lt;a href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=595"&gt;Economic linguistics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/gnxp/2008/09/who_carried_out_911_views_diff.php"&gt;Who carried out 9/11? Views Differ...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5.  From E-Paper to Semantic Web. What kind of technologies could we expect in 2018? Nature asks: &lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080903/full/455008a.html"&gt;What will happen in the next 10 years?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-6132866450603525482?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/6132866450603525482/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=6132866450603525482' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/6132866450603525482'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/6132866450603525482'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/09/points-of-interest-15-september-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 15. September, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-96383794485251041</id><published>2008-09-04T09:27:00.004+02:00</published><updated>2008-09-04T10:17:15.647+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Language'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Linguistics'/><title type='text'>One word != one number</title><content type='html'>Earlier this year a study was conducted by researchers from the University of Melbourne and University College London - namely &lt;a href="http://www.icn.ucl.ac.uk/Staff-Lists/MemberDetails.php?Title=Prof&amp;amp;FirstName=Brian&amp;amp;LastName=Butterworth"&gt;Brian Butterworth&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.psych.unimelb.edu.au/people/staff/ReeveR.html"&gt;Robert Reeve&lt;/a&gt;, Fiona Reynolds and Delyth Lloyd. Children of two indigenous communities were tested for their numeracy skills; one from Tanami Desert and the other from Groote Eylandt. Another group were indigenous preschool children from Melbourne. Here's a map of the locations:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://img262.imageshack.us/my.php?image=ausoutll8.png" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img262.imageshack.us/img262/6899/ausoutll8.th.png" alt="Free Image Hosting at www.ImageShack.us" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The results showed clearly that the children of indegenious communities - who have no words or even gestures for numbers - have numeracy skills equal to native English speaking children. So numeracy is not based on culture or language but probably an innate facility.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Publications:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul class="publicationsul"&gt;&lt;li id="oncite161271"&gt;&lt;span class="pubauth"&gt;Butterworth, B., Reeve, R.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="pubyear"&gt;(Forthcoming)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class="pubtitle"&gt;Verbal counting and spatial strategies in numerical tasks: Evidence from indigenous Australia.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;Philosophical Psychology&lt;/i&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="oncite161277"&gt;&lt;span class="pubauth"&gt;Butterworth, B., Reeve, R., Reynolds, F., Lloyd, D.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="pubyear"&gt;(Forthcoming)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class="pubtitle"&gt;Numerical thought with and without words: Evidence from indigenous Australian children.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the USA&lt;/i&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-96383794485251041?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/96383794485251041/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=96383794485251041' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/96383794485251041'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/96383794485251041'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/09/one-word-one-number.html' title='One word != one number'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-2234438491947132057</id><published>2008-08-26T12:35:00.004+02:00</published><updated>2008-08-28T07:53:44.487+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 26. August, 2008</title><content type='html'>Found two extraordinary humorous blogs:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. The world on file cards: &lt;a href="http://indexed.blogspot.com/"&gt;http://indexed.blogspot.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. All about Hitler: &lt;a href="http://blogs.taz.de/hitlerblog/"&gt;http://blogs.taz.de/hitlerblog/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Back to the daily scientific work:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/08/can-brains-poin.html"&gt;Can Brains Point the Way?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/08/is-syntax-a-com.html"&gt;Is Ambiguity Bad?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/08/music_and_memory_1.php"&gt;Music and memory: How the songs we heard growing up shape the story of our lives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. &lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/08/simple-metric-to-infer-personality-from.html"&gt;A simple metric to infer personality from facial expression&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. &lt;a href="http://henry.simon.net.nz/stories/2008/08/20/mirror-self-recognition-in-magpies/"&gt;Mirror self-recognition in Magpies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2008/08/the_smell_of_fear.php"&gt;The smell of fear&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. &lt;a href="http://talkingbrains.blogspot.com/2008/08/mirror-neurons-hubs-and-puppet-masters.html"&gt;Mirror neurons, hubs, and puppet masters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. &lt;a href="http://experimentaltheology.blogspot.com/2008/08/evil-and-theodicy-part-1-are-goodness.html"&gt;Evil and Theodicy, Part 1: Are Happiness and Virtue Linked?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. &lt;a href="http://experimentaltheology.blogspot.com/2008/08/evil-and-theodicy-part-2-can-happinees.html"&gt;Evil and Theodicy, Part 2: Can Happinees and Virtue Be Linked?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10. &lt;a href="http://experimentaltheology.blogspot.com/2008/08/evil-and-theodicy-part-3-kant.html"&gt;Evil and Theodicy, Part 3: Kant, Authenticity, and Lament &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-2234438491947132057?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/2234438491947132057/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=2234438491947132057' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/2234438491947132057'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/2234438491947132057'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/08/points-of-interest-26-august-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 26. August, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-5604554198849062145</id><published>2008-08-15T12:41:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-08-15T12:41:51.932+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 13. August, 2008</title><content type='html'>キタ━━━(゜∀゜)━━━!!!!!, (゜どうも，おひさしぶりです!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. The genetic component to European ethnic groups. You can see a clear distinction between individuals with northern from southern European ancestry. Interestingly, these genetic boundaries often mark linguistic boundaries too: &lt;a href="http://anthropology.net/2008/08/11/genetic-geographic-and-linguistic-structure-of-european-populations/"&gt;Genetic, Geographic, And Linguistic Structure Of European Populations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://img80.imageshack.us/my.php?image=razibmodifiedcorrelatioif9.jpg" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img80.imageshack.us/img80/8179/razibmodifiedcorrelatioif9.th.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://img526.imageshack.us/my.php?image=europeanpopulationsubstga9.png" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img526.imageshack.us/img526/8830/europeanpopulationsubstga9.th.png" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. "Jugemu" is a rakugo, verbal entertainment, which everybody in Japan knows: &lt;a href="http://no-sword.jp/blog/2008/08/jugemu.html"&gt;Jugemu Jugemu Go-Kō-no-Surikire Kaijari-suigyo no Suigyō-matsu Unrai-matsu Fūrai-matsu Kū-Neru Tokoro ni Sumu Tokoro Yaburakōji no Burakōji Paipo Paipo Paipo no Shūringan Shūringan no Gūrindai Gūrindai no Ponpokopii no Ponpokonā no Chōkyūmei no Chōsuke&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Are nouns and verbs represented differently in the brain? A typical view is that they are, with nouns relying more on temporal cortices and verbs on frontal regions: &lt;a href="http://talkingbrains.blogspot.com/2008/08/representation-of-nouns-and-verbs-in.html"&gt;Representation of nouns and verbs in the brain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Participation in most sports requires agility, impeccable timing and the planning and execution of complex movements, so that actions such as catching a ball or throwing it into a hoop can be performed. Performing well at sports also requires anticipating and accurately predicting the movements of others: &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2008/08/the_ballers_brain.php"&gt;The baller's brain (and his pinky)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Did the introduction of cooking, have caused a relaxation of selective constraints on diet-related genes: &lt;a href="http://anthropology.net/2008/08/12/advent-of-cooking-the-big-cognitive-leap-in-human-evolution/"&gt;Advent Of Cooking &amp;amp; The Big Cognitive Leap In Human Evolution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. Totally awesome. I think bionics is the future technology: &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2008/08/robot_controlled_by_neurons_in.php"&gt;Robot controlled by "brain" in a culture dish&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. The top thirty 顔文字 (kaomoji/emoticons) used in Japan: &lt;a href="http://whatjapanthinks.com/2006/08/14/japans-top-thirty-emoticons/"&gt;Top thirty Japanese emoticons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. Rap version of LHC from CERN - soon they'll blow up the world: &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j50ZssEojtM"&gt;Large Hadron Rap&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. Post about the Japanese pronoun &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;nanji&lt;/span&gt;: &lt;a href="http://no-sword.jp/blog/2008/08/i_want_to_talk_about_you.html"&gt;I want to talk about you&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2008/08/the_eye_tells_the_brain_when_to_plasticize.php"&gt;The eye tells the brain when to plasticize&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11. &lt;a href="http://bibliodyssey.blogspot.com/2008/08/mlange.html"&gt;Mélange&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;12. &lt;a href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/era/"&gt;England's rock art&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;13. &lt;a href="http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/supertree/"&gt;Dinosaur Supertree&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;14. &lt;a href="http://bibliodyssey.blogspot.com/2008/07/collectie-ver-huell.html"&gt;Collectie Ver Huell&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;15.  &lt;a href="http://anthropology.net/2008/08/01/simulated-linguistic-evolution-in-the-laboratory/"&gt;Simulated Linguistic Evolution In The Laboratory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;16. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/08/testosterone_and_aggression_or_1.php"&gt;Testosterone and aggression, or what Frank's Red Hot Sauce has to do with handgun violence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;17. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/08/tone_deafness_and_bad_singing.php"&gt;Tone deafness and bad singing may not go hand in hand&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;18. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/08/do_you_choke_under_pressure_de_1.php"&gt;Do you choke under pressure? Depends on what you're trying to accomplish&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;19. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/08/if_you_want_to_persuade_a_woma_1.php"&gt;If you want to persuade a woman, look straight at her&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;20. &lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19926694.500-beer-goggles-are-real--its-official.html"&gt;'Beer goggles' are real - it's official&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;21.  &lt;a href="http://technology.newscientist.com/article/dn14520-us-boasts-of-laser-weapons-plausible-deniability.html"&gt;US boasts of laser weapon's 'plausible deniability'&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;22. &lt;a href="http://www.gnxp.com/blog/2008/08/has-porn-become-mainstream-not-really.php"&gt;Has porn become mainstream? Not really&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;23. &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/08/did-the-baldwin.html#more"&gt;Did the Baldwin Effect Give Us Language?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;24. &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/"&gt;On Human Nature&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-5604554198849062145?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/5604554198849062145/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=5604554198849062145' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5604554198849062145'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5604554198849062145'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/08/points-of-interest-13-august-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 13. August, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-4277125821579656889</id><published>2008-08-10T22:50:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2008-08-15T10:35:15.573+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='About'/><title type='text'>Resistance is futile</title><content type='html'>Soon I'll be one of them, i.e. accepted for computational linguistics at Heidelberg - hooray!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://img401.imageshack.us/my.php?image=computationallinguistslvb9.png" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img401.imageshack.us/img401/1456/computationallinguistslvb9.th.png" alt="Free Image Hosting at www.ImageShack.us" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-4277125821579656889?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/4277125821579656889/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=4277125821579656889' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4277125821579656889'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4277125821579656889'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/08/resistance-is-futile.html' title='Resistance is futile'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-7905062771138335257</id><published>2008-07-30T10:41:00.005+02:00</published><updated>2008-07-30T11:15:18.958+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 30. July, 2008</title><content type='html'>1. It has long been debated whether dinosaurs were part of the ‘Terrestrial Revolution’ that occurred some 100 million years ago during the Cretaceous when birds, mammals, flowering plants, insects and reptiles all underwent a rapid expansion: &lt;a href="http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/supertree/"&gt;Dinosaur Supertree&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Take one part gorgeous ornamental typography and one part diabolical imagery. Combine slowly over a low heat with incidental visual curiosities. Add caprice to taste. Serve haphazardly over a bed of 19th century lithographic stones. For best effect, consume before retiring: &lt;a href="http://bibliodyssey.blogspot.com/2008/07/collectie-ver-huell.html"&gt;Collectie Ver Huell&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. If you judge the progress of humanity by Homer Simpson, Paris Hilton, and Girls Gone Wild videos, you might conclude that our evolution has stalled—or even shifted into reverse. Not so, scientists say. Humans are evolving faster than ever before, picking up new genetic traits and talents that may help us survive a turbulent future: &lt;a href="http://www.usnews.com/articles/science/2008/07/24/where-is-human-evolution-heading.html"&gt;Where Is Human Evolution Heading?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Today's Daily Telegraph contains a fascinating extract from Norman Doidge's new book The Brain That Changes Itself, about a woman who feels that she is constantly falling because she has lost her sense of balance as a result of damage to the vestibular system: &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2008/07/perpetually_falling_woman_learns_to_balance_with_her_tongue.php"&gt;Perpetually falling woman learns to balance with her tongue&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5.  Jump to Comments  Language is a product of culture. Or is it? Which came first — language or culture? That’s like asking if the chicken or the egg came first. But cultural behavior has been documented in animals who do not have language systems, like gorillas who have intricate systems of processing plants: &lt;a href="http://anthropology.net/2008/07/23/can-there-be-a-synthesis-between-cultural-and-biological-evoluion/"&gt;Can There Be A Synthesis Between Cultural And Biological Evolution?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. Could we have evolved speech without evolving morality, or morality without evolving speech: &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/07/a-biological-re.html"&gt;A Biological Revolution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-7905062771138335257?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/7905062771138335257/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=7905062771138335257' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7905062771138335257'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7905062771138335257'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/07/points-of-interest-20-july-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 30. July, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-7032120474776943996</id><published>2008-07-24T13:24:00.004+02:00</published><updated>2008-07-24T14:08:54.415+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Japanese Language'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Poetry'/><title type='text'>Issa</title><content type='html'>Kobayashi Issa (&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja"&gt;小林一茶) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;or just Issa (June 15, 1763 - January 5, 1828), by the way also the Arabic name for Jesus, is one of my favourite poets. He is one of the great four Japanese Haiku poets besides Bashô, Buson and Shiki. I like him because I sense his melancholy. His mother died when he was three, his grandmother, who raised him, when he was fourteen. He wandered through Japan. Got back, got a wife. All of his children died soon after birth and finally his wife died too. He wrote one of his most famous haiku at the time when his first daughter died:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The world of dew --&lt;br /&gt;A world of dew it is indeed,&lt;br /&gt;And yet, and yet . . .&lt;/blockquote&gt;One of my favourite poems of Issa is:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;夜神楽や焚火の中へちる紅葉&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;yokagura ya takibi no naka e chiru momiji&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;In English:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Shinto dance at night--&lt;br /&gt;red leaves fall&lt;br /&gt;into the bonfires&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;It has even more power in German:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Ein Tempeltanz nachts:&lt;br /&gt;Es stiebt ins Feuer hinein&lt;br /&gt;Das rote Herbstlaub.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-7032120474776943996?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/7032120474776943996/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=7032120474776943996' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7032120474776943996'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7032120474776943996'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/07/issa.html' title='Issa'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-8829377457598441967</id><published>2008-07-23T09:48:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2008-07-23T10:06:09.140+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Academic'/><title type='text'>LaTeX</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img179.imageshack.us/img179/3686/180pxlatexlogosvgqp9.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you don't know this picture, you shouldn't study. Okay, that's a hyperbole. Nevertheless, LaTeX (/ˈleɪtɛk/ or /ˈlɑːtɛk/) is an important tool for writing scientific essays. It's not sufficient for a dotoral thesis or any other academic document with more than fifty pages to use Microsoft Word or Open Office. Unfortunately, in Germany many students and even post-graduates don't know LaTeX unless they study computational science, mathematics or physics. In other countries it is &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;the &lt;/span&gt;tool for scientists, philosophers, mathematicians and engineers to write a scientific essay. It is most convenient tool to display mathematical formulas as you'll see below.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The high-level markup language allows you to produce ready to print and printer/monitor independent documents with easy numbering, cross-referencing, tables and figures, page layout and bibliographies. It takes you one week, at the most, to learn the language and saves you years of blood and tears.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wikipedia shows a comprehensive example of a LaTeX document, here is the raw script:&lt;pre class="source-latex"&gt;&lt;span class="re2"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span class="re2"&gt;\documentclass&lt;/span&gt;[&lt;span class="re4"&gt;12pt&lt;/span&gt;]{&lt;span class="re3"&gt;article&lt;/span&gt;}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="re2"&gt;\title&lt;/span&gt;{&lt;span class="re3"&gt;&lt;span class="re2"&gt;\LaTeX&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="re2"&gt;\date&lt;/span&gt;{}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="re2"&gt;&lt;span class="re6"&gt;\begin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;{&lt;span class="re3"&gt;document&lt;/span&gt;}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="re2"&gt;\maketitle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="re2"&gt;\LaTeX&lt;/span&gt;{&lt;span class="re3"&gt;} is a document preparation system for the &lt;span class="re2"&gt;\TeX&lt;/span&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;}&lt;br /&gt;typesetting program. It offers programmable desktop publishing&lt;br /&gt;features and extensive facilities for automating most aspects of&lt;br /&gt;typesetting and desktop publishing, including numbering and&lt;br /&gt;cross-referencing, tables and figures, page layout, bibliographies,&lt;br /&gt;and much more. &lt;span class="re2"&gt;\LaTeX&lt;/span&gt;{} was originally written in 1984 by Leslie&lt;br /&gt;Lamport and has become the dominant method for using &lt;span class="re2"&gt;\TeX&lt;/span&gt;; few&lt;br /&gt;people write in plain &lt;span class="re2"&gt;\TeX&lt;/span&gt;{} anymore. The current version is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="re2"&gt;\LaTeXe&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="re2"&gt;\newline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="co1"&gt;% This is a comment, it is not shown in the final output.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="co1"&gt;% The following shows a little of the typesetting power of LaTeX&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="re2"&gt;&lt;span class="re6"&gt;\begin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;{&lt;span class="re3"&gt;eqnarray&lt;/span&gt;}&lt;span class="re1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E &amp;amp;=&amp;amp; mc^2                              \\&lt;br /&gt;m &amp;amp;=&amp;amp; &lt;span class="re2"&gt;\frac&lt;/span&gt;{&lt;span class="re3"&gt;m_0}{&lt;span class="re2"&gt;\sqrt&lt;/span&gt;{1-&lt;span class="re2"&gt;\frac&lt;/span&gt;{v^2}{c^2}}&lt;/span&gt;}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="re2"&gt;&lt;span class="re7"&gt;\end&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;{&lt;span class="re3"&gt;eqnarray&lt;/span&gt;}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="re2"&gt;&lt;span class="re7"&gt;\end&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;{&lt;span class="re3"&gt;document&lt;/span&gt;}&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;This is converted to following document:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img146.imageshack.us/img146/2314/500pxlatexoutputsvgce1.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you want to learn LaTeX, you can find an excellent &lt;a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX"&gt;Introduction at Wikibooks here&lt;/a&gt;. LaTeX is build into Linux operating systems, but you can use proTeXt for Windows as well. If you don't use Linux, you can &lt;a href="http://www.latex-project.org/"&gt;get LaTeX here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-8829377457598441967?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/8829377457598441967/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=8829377457598441967' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8829377457598441967'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8829377457598441967'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/07/latex.html' title='LaTeX'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-8671162672839257993</id><published>2008-07-21T13:43:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2008-07-22T13:15:36.217+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 22. July, 2008</title><content type='html'>1. Literary criticism sucks. So true, so true: &lt;a href="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/impostor.png"&gt;Impostor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Windows into heaven: &lt;a href="http://experimentaltheology.blogspot.com/2008/07/notes-on-theology-of-icons-part-4.html"&gt;Notes on the Theology of Icons, Part 4: Reverse Perspective&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Hilarious flashgame. Create your own disease and kill mankind: &lt;a href="http://www.crazymonkeygames.com/Pandemic-2.html"&gt;Pandemic 2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. &lt;a href="http://anthropology.net/2008/07/21/differences-between-cognition-memory-of-males-and-females-linked-to-two-genes/"&gt;Differences Between Cognition &amp;amp; Memory Of Males And Females Linked To Two Genes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/07/languages-stabi.html"&gt;Speech's Stabilizing Forces&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. &lt;a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-07/nsf-scy071808.php"&gt;Sorry, Charlie, you and Nemo aren't the only fish that talk&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. &lt;a href="http://www.fi.upm.es/?pagina=725&amp;amp;idioma=english"&gt;UPM School of Computing researchers open up a new road for the computational representation of languages&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-8671162672839257993?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/8671162672839257993/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=8671162672839257993' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8671162672839257993'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8671162672839257993'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/07/points-of-interest-22-july-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 22. July, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-7987427421135649597</id><published>2008-07-18T11:52:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2008-07-18T12:51:49.401+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 18. July, 2008</title><content type='html'>Some changes are going down. I won't write in German anymore since I have almost no German readers and German linguists aren't really interested in state of the art theories.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. A picture of an abnormally folded amyloid fibril reconstructed in 3D: Detailed &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2008/07/detailed_3d_image_of_alzheimers_pathology.php"&gt;3D image of Alzheimer's pathology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Third part of the Iconography series on Experimental Theology. : &lt;a href="http://experimentaltheology.blogspot.com/2008/07/notes-on-theology-of-icons-part-3-time.html"&gt;Notes on the Theology of Icons, Part 3: Time and Space&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/07/ubiquity-of-same-sex-couplings-in.html"&gt;Ubiquity of same-sex couplings in nature. &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-7987427421135649597?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/7987427421135649597/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=7987427421135649597' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7987427421135649597'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7987427421135649597'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/07/points-of-interest-18-july-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 18. July, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-4134403345224327799</id><published>2008-07-15T09:05:00.005+02:00</published><updated>2008-07-15T09:24:03.969+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Religion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Language'/><title type='text'>Language Diversity Made by God</title><content type='html'>At least that's written in Genesis 11: 1-9. First there was one language spoken by everyone which unified the people:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. [...] And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language [...].&lt;/blockquote&gt;So they decided to build a tower and a city which were afterwards called Babel (hebr. &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;bâlal&lt;/span&gt; - to overflow, mix, confound) because God came down from heavens to "[...] confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech [...]" which scattered them across the earth so that the tower was never build. Henceforth there were many languages across the earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;.&lt;img src="http://img293.imageshack.us/img293/8827/250pxconfusionoftonguestu4.png" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-4134403345224327799?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/4134403345224327799/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=4134403345224327799' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4134403345224327799'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4134403345224327799'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/07/language-diversity-made-by-god.html' title='Language Diversity Made by God'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-1272126504031734985</id><published>2008-07-12T19:23:00.005+02:00</published><updated>2008-07-14T10:44:49.064+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 14. July, 2008</title><content type='html'>1. "You Otaku are already dead." That's the new title of a book which discusses the rise and fall of the Otaku aristorcracy of Japan: &lt;a href="http://altjapan.typepad.com/my_weblog/2008/07/already-dead.html"&gt;Speaker for the Dead&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Food for token, please: &lt;a href="http://ec.europa.eu/research/headlines/news/article_08_07_07_en.html"&gt;Can animals comprehend the power of symbols?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. One, two, three - a monkey is what I want to be: &lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/dn14231?DCMP=NLC-nletter&amp;amp;nsref=dn14231"&gt;Counting monkeys tick off yet another 'human' ability&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Highly debatted Goldin-Meadow paper about 'SOV' charade order: &lt;a href="http://news.uchicago.edu/news.php?asset_id=1401"&gt;When using gestures, rules of grammar remain the same despite speakers' language&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Same issue. Wired article: &lt;a href="http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/06/roots-of-langua.html"&gt;Roots of Language Run Deeper Than Speech&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. To hell with linguistic phylogenetics: &lt;a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/x5483xgm42864858/fulltext.html"&gt;A Look at Linguistic Evolution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. Beat the hell out of those Generativists: &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/07/language-adapte.html"&gt;Language Adapted to Us&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. Hug those lovely Generativists: &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/07/questions-for-a.html"&gt;Questions For A Theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. Take it into your own hands: &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080710125433.htm"&gt;Keeping Hands Where You Can See Them Alters Perception, Study Finds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10. I'll be a chimp again: &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080708200639.htm"&gt;Will Our Future Brains Be Smaller?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11. &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080711080957.htm"&gt;Children Are Naturally Prone To Be Empathic And Moral&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;12. &lt;a href="http://experimentaltheology.blogspot.com/2008/07/notes-on-theology-of-icons-part-1.html"&gt;Notes on the Theology of Icons, Part 1: Stylization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;13. &lt;a href="http://experimentaltheology.blogspot.com/2008/07/notes-on-theology-of-icons-part-2-light.html"&gt;Notes on the Theology of Icons, Part 2: Light&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;14. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/mixingmemory/2008/07/i_cant_understand_your_accent.php"&gt;I Can't Understand Your Accent, So Keep Talking&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;15. Shakespeare makes us alive: &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2008/07/the_shakespeared_brain.php"&gt;The Shakespeared brain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-1272126504031734985?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/1272126504031734985/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=1272126504031734985' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1272126504031734985'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1272126504031734985'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/07/points-of-interest-14-july-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 14. July, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-7832145535020690959</id><published>2008-07-08T09:53:00.008+02:00</published><updated>2008-07-09T09:49:52.853+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='German Language'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Language'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Linguistics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cognition'/><title type='text'>Am I wrong about Pinker's extended locative?</title><content type='html'>Pinker writes in his book Language of Thought about the locative rule:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;If a verb can appear in a content-locative construction then it can also appear in a container-locative construction, and vice versa. (Pinker 2007: 35-6)&lt;/blockquote&gt;as in:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(1) [&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;to spray&lt;/span&gt;] &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;water on the roses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(2) [&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;to spray&lt;/span&gt;] &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;the roses with water.&lt;/span&gt; (Pinker 2007: 35)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In contrast to:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(3) &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;to fill the glass with water.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(4) *&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;to fill water into the glass.&lt;/span&gt; (Pinker 2007: 50)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to this exception, he alters the locative rule:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;[&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;] by specifying the change of a container, it is compatible with a construction that is about state-change, and thereby allows us to say [(3)]. But because it says nothing about a cause or manner of motion of the contents, it isn't compatible with a construction that is all about motion, and thereby doesn't allow us to say [(4)].&lt;/blockquote&gt;His conclusion at the end of the chapter:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;This uncovered a number of basic features of our thought processes: [...] that a frame for thinking about a change of location in real space can be metaphorically extended to conceptualize a change of state as motion in state-space; and that when the mind conceives of an entity as being somwhere or going somewhere, it tends to melt it down to a holistic blob.&lt;/blockquote&gt;As far as I understand him, he ascribes this property to the mind.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, the first thing that struck me was that (3) and (4) sound correct for non-native speakers and I assume it would sound correct to many native speakers as well - depending on the region they're from. Actually you can say both sentences in German - which is, by the way, closely related to English:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(3(DE)) &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Das Glas mit Wasser füllen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(4(DE)) &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Wasser in das Glas füllen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So this must be specific for English, right? Since he ascribes this to the mind, this must mean that it only works for the English mind which, and here comes the logic conclusion, is different from the German mind. Hence English speakers have another cognition, i.e. they perceive the reality in a different way and therefore (3) is possible, while (4) is not? This would be an argument for linguistic determinism. I know this is nonsense.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pinker, S. Language of Thought. 2007.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-7832145535020690959?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/7832145535020690959/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=7832145535020690959' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7832145535020690959'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7832145535020690959'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/07/am-i-wrong-about-pinkers-extended.html' title='Am I wrong about Pinker&apos;s extended locative?'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-2533633577435953998</id><published>2008-07-03T11:06:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2008-07-04T14:38:06.497+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 03. July, 2008</title><content type='html'>Everyone's talking about the upcoming Christiansen and Chater paper and that Universal Grammar, especially the Poverty of Stimulus argument, will be destroyed. I'm curious.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. NLP (Natural Language Processing) goes Mainstream: &lt;a href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=305"&gt;Powerset bought by Microsoft&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. David Beaver's critique on the New Scientist's article Charades reveals a universal sentence structure: &lt;a href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=300"&gt;Charades does not reveal a universal sentence structure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;a href="http://anthropology.net/2008/07/01/diffusion-spectrum-imaging-used-to-map-the-structural-core-of-human-cerebral-cortex/"&gt;Diffusion Spectrum Imaging Used to Map the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-2533633577435953998?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/2533633577435953998/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=2533633577435953998' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/2533633577435953998'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/2533633577435953998'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/07/points-of-interest-03-july-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 03. July, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-14078963325687831</id><published>2008-07-02T10:37:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2008-07-02T10:42:30.820+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Comedy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Linguistics'/><title type='text'>Labov vs. Chomsky - The Ultimate Smackdown</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=2235761995&amp;amp;ref=nf"&gt;A Facebook Group&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://img70.imageshack.us/img70/5509/n223576199533767ew8.jpg" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;* two linguists walked into an x-bar and got SMACKED DOWN!&lt;br /&gt;* "generate THIS  motherf***er!"&lt;br /&gt;* "ain't nothin' minimalist about this SMACKDOWN, mofo!"&lt;br /&gt;*  "how about some government-binding in your FACE!"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;***Breaking News: an  angry mob of Bloomfieldians is challenging the winner&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thanks to Michael and Language Log.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-14078963325687831?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/14078963325687831/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=14078963325687831' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/14078963325687831'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/14078963325687831'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/07/labov-vs-chomsky-ultimate-smackdown.html' title='Labov vs. Chomsky - The Ultimate Smackdown'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-8788453196661468040</id><published>2008-07-01T10:49:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-07-01T10:58:00.536+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Point of Interest 01. July, 2008</title><content type='html'>1. Intriguing proposal on a community's ability to shape speech by self-organisation and contagion: &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/06/are-languages-r.html"&gt;Speech, Community and Power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Computational linguistics history - the ALPAC report: &lt;a href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=274"&gt;"These can be aptly compared with the challenges, problems, and insights of particle physics"&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;a href="http://www.bravenewtraveler.com/2008/06/25/10-extraordinary-burial-ceremonies-from-around-the-world/"&gt;10 Extraordinary Burial Ceremonies From Around The World&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/06/the-richness-of.html"&gt;The Richness of the Stimulus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. &lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14228-charades-reveals-a-universal-sentence-structure.html"&gt;Charades reveals a universal sentence structure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-8788453196661468040?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/8788453196661468040/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=8788453196661468040' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8788453196661468040'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8788453196661468040'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/07/point-of-interest-01-july-2008.html' title='Point of Interest 01. July, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-5695457191430839387</id><published>2008-06-24T10:39:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-07-02T10:20:18.389+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Language'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Linguistics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cognition'/><title type='text'>Sapir-Whorf Hypothese</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Die Grenzen meiner Sprache bedeuten die Grenzen meiner Welt schrieb &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittgenstein"&gt;Wittgenstein&lt;/a&gt; in seinem Tractatus (Wittgenstein 1921) und sagte damit, dass man nur soweit denken kann, wie einen seine Sprache trägt. Ist aber das Denken selbst durch die Sprache beeinflusst? Gibt es so etwas wie non-verbale Gedanken, i.e. Gedanken die ich nicht in meiner Sprache ausdrücken kann? Schon die beiden Kant Schüler &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann"&gt;Hamann&lt;/a&gt; und &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder"&gt;Herder&lt;/a&gt; haben über den &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinismus"&gt;Determinismus&lt;/a&gt; nachgedacht und &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt"&gt;Humboldt&lt;/a&gt; schrieb 1836, dass die Sprache das Organ des Denkens sei. (Humboldt 1836)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gut 120 Jahre später beschäftigt sich ein Laienlinguist mit diesem Problem und prägt die posthum nach ihm benannte &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapir-Whorf-Hypothese"&gt;(Sapir-)Whorf Hypothese&lt;/a&gt;. Diese Hypothese sagt, dass eine Einzelsprache (z.B. Deutsch) Einfluss auf das Denken eines Individuums hat und impliziert damit, dass es nicht möglich ist, die Realität auf eine objektive Weise über Sprache zu beschreiben, da jede Sprechergemeinschaft eine eigene Vorstellung von Realität hat.&lt;br /&gt;Eigentlich beginnt die Geschichte dieser Hypothese mit dem Ethnologe &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Boas"&gt;Franz Boas&lt;/a&gt;, welcher die Sprachen der Ureinwohner Amerikas, speziell der &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi"&gt;Hopi-Indianer&lt;/a&gt;, untersuchte und dabei eine Relation zwischen Grammatik und geographischer Lage herstellte. Er folgerte daraus, dass Sprache als Reflexion der Kultur zu verstehen sei.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img293.imageshack.us/img293/2137/260pxnampeyohopiendherwte8.jpg" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Eine bekannte Hopi Künstlerin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sapir"&gt;Sapir&lt;/a&gt;, der Schüler von Boas war und seine Magisterarbeit über Herders Abhandlung über den Ursprung der Sprache schrieb, vertrat als Anthropologe und Linguist die These, dass die Sprache und das Denken, mehr oder weniger, in einem wechselseitigen Verhältnis zueinander stehen und das Sprache das Denken determiniert – deshalb auch linguistischer Determinismus genannt. (Sapir 1929, 1958)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img141.imageshack.us/img141/4483/225pxesapirrg6.jpg" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Edward Sapir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorf"&gt;Whorf&lt;/a&gt;, eigentlich Chemiker, eignete sich sein linguistisches Wissen autodidaktisch an und war Schüler von Sapir. Er selbst kam nie in Kontakt mit den ursprünglichen Hopi-Indianern. Seine Idee war, dass die Realität anhand bestimmter Wertigkeiten durch linguistische Systeme in Konzepte eingeteilt wird. Dadurch, dass diese Wertigkeit durch Übereinkunft mit den Sprechern einer Sprechergemeinschaft getroffen wird, spiegelt sich in jeder Sprache ein einzigartiges Weltbild wieder, i.e. die physischen Zeichen werden unterschiedlich in den Sprechergemeinschaften bewertet und so entsteht ein anderes Bild der Realität – deshalb auch linguistischer &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativismus"&gt;Relativismus&lt;/a&gt; genannt. (Whorf 1940)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img180.imageshack.us/img180/756/225pxblwhorfpr5.jpg" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Benjamin Lee Whorf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bekannt ist sein Vergleich der englischen Sprache mit der Sprache der Hopi-Indianer anhand der grammatischen Struktur. Die englische Sprache tendiert dabei eher die Realität als Objekt im Raum zu analysieren. Gegenwart und Zukunft werden als Lokalitäten gesehen und die Zeit als Weg zwischen ihnen, deshalb werden auch Phrasen wie drei Äpfel und drei Tage als grammatisch gleichwertig angesehen. Unsere Sprache besteht aus vielen Metaphern um die Abstrakten Begriffe der Zeit zu fassen, so kann man zum Beispiel Zeit genauso verschwenden wie sein Geld. Hopi, im Vergleich dazu, ist eher prozessorientiert. Was Whorf nicht berücksichtigt hat, da er selbst nie Feldarbeit leistete, war, dass es auch zwei Zeiten bei der Verbkonjugation in der Hopi-Sprache gibt – manifestiert und nicht-manifestiert. Manifestiert bezeichnet dabei alles konkret Wahrnehmbare, physisch Existente, in Gegenwart und Vergangenheit. Nicht-manifestiert bezeichnet alles Nicht-Physische und Nicht-Wahrnehmbare.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dieser Idee liegt auch zu Grunde, dass die kulturellen Unterschiede von Sprechern deren Sprache einer gemeinsamen Sprachfamilie angehören, also zum Beispiel Deutsch und Niederländisch (&lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indogermanische_Sprachen"&gt;Indogermanisch&lt;/a&gt; &gt; &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermanische_Sprachen"&gt;West-Germanisch&lt;/a&gt;), nicht so gravierend sind wie der kulturelle Unterschied von Sprechern unterschiedlicher Sprachfamilien, also zum Beispiel Deutsch und Chinesisch (&lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinotibetische_Sprachen"&gt;Sinotibetisch&lt;/a&gt;). Diese Schlussfolgerung ist natürlich kompletter Schwachsinn. Sprachen einer Sprachfamilie sind natürlich geographisch näher zusammen und damit ist auch der kulturelle Austausch eher vorhanden als zwischen Deutschland und China. Außerdem gibt es Sprachen wie Türkisch und Japanisch, die beide vielleicht der &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaische_Sprachen"&gt;makro-altaischen Sprachfamilie&lt;/a&gt; angehören und deren Kultur wohl grundverschieden ist.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ein weiteres Problem ist das der Übersetzung. Nach der starken These würde es nicht möglich sein die Inhalte eines Satzes in eine andere Sprache zu übersetzen. (Chandler 1995) Tatsächlich beklagt sich der Dichter &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Neruda"&gt;Pablo Neruda&lt;/a&gt; darüber, dass seine Gedichte in der Übersetzung an etwas verlieren, obwohl der Sinn erhalten bleibt. Das ein Gedicht und ein Handelsvertrag anders in der Übersetzung zu bewerten sind, liegt aber wohl eher daran, dass Gedichte nach einzigartigen künstlerischen und einzelsprachspezifischen Gesichtspunkten geschrieben werden, wie zum Beispiel die Wortlänge und dem musikalischen Gehalt (&lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verslehre"&gt;Metrik&lt;/a&gt;). In der Tradition der Universalisten sagt &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper"&gt;Karl Popper&lt;/a&gt;, dass was auch immer in einer Sprache ausgedrückt wird in eine andere, mit relativem Aufwand, übersetzt werden kann. (Popper 1970) Ein konkretes Beispiel: Das &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintupi"&gt;Volk der Pintupi&lt;/a&gt; hat ein Wort für das Loch welches durch einen &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goanna"&gt;Goanna&lt;/a&gt; (besonderer australischer Waran) bei seinem Durchbruch an die Oberfläche nach seinem Winterschlaf hinterlassen wurde – oder in der &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintupi_language"&gt;Sprache der Pintupi&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;katarta&lt;/span&gt;. Man kann also mit vielen Wörtern das gleiche Konzept beschreiben und so können auch Nuancen durch, mehr oder weniger aufwendiges, das Paraphrasieren übertragen werden. Ein Problem am Rande ist das der Synonyme. Da jedes Wort sozusagen einzigartig ist, gibt es nach der starken Auslegung der These keine absolut deckungsgleichen Synonyme, denn Form und Bedeutung sind untrennbar miteinander verknüpft. (Fish 1980)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Der starke Whofianismus ist kaum zu vertreten und findet auch kaum Anhänger. Er ist eher als extremster Punkt auf einer Skala zu sehen, der zur theoretischen Orientierung geschaffen wurde. Als Knockoutkriterium führt &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinker"&gt;Pinker&lt;/a&gt; den Fall des Immigrantenkinds Idlefonso an, der völlig ohne Sprache und trotzdem intelligent mit mathematischen Fähigkeiten ausgestattet war. Er konnte später dann sogar Zeichensprache lernen. Wie hätte er dies ohne Denken leisten können? (Schaller 1991)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Der schwache Whorfianismus macht dagegen einige Abstriche und ist weit schwerer zu widerlegen. Anstatt zu behaupten, dass die Sprache das Denken determiniert, wird behauptet, dass die Sprache das Denken nur beeinflusst und damit die Wahrnehmung der Realität. Die Sprache wird auch nicht als losgelöstes System (&lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure"&gt;Saussure&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue"&gt;Langue&lt;/a&gt;) betrachtet sondern konkret in den sozio-kulturellen Kontext gesetzt (Saussure: &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole_%28Sprachwissenschaft%29"&gt;Parole&lt;/a&gt;). Die &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variet%C3%A4t_%28Linguistik%29"&gt;Varietäten&lt;/a&gt; und die Sprachgewohnheiten der Sprecher werden zum beeinflussenden Element erklärt. So sagt Sapir, dass die Gesellschaften unterschiedliche Welten sind und nicht eine Welt mit unterschiedlichem Etikett. (Sapir 1929, 1958)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Auf dieser These beruht auch die Aussage, dass die Inuit eine Vielzahl von einzigartigen Wörtern für Schnee haben, was von Pullum widerlegt wurde und hier nicht aufgegriffen werden soll, da schon &lt;a href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog/archives/000405.html"&gt;genug&lt;/a&gt; darüber geschrieben wurde. (Pullum 1994) Zu einiger Berühmtheit sind die Farbtests gelangt bei denen Ureinwohner unterschiedliche Farben kategorisieren sollten. Fokalfarben (z.B. rot) für die sie Wörter hatten, konnten von ihnen akkurater identifiziert werden. Nun bekamen sie aber 16 Wörter einer anderen Sprache beigebracht, um die Farben zu benennen - darunter 8 Wörter für Fokalfarben und 8 Wörter für Nebenfarben - und siehe da,  wieder wurden die Fokalfarben akkurater mit den entsprechenden Fremdwörtern belegt. Pinker sagt dazu, dass wir die Farben so lernen wie wir sie auch wahrnehmen und nicht umgekehrt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img74.imageshack.us/img74/5163/180pxspectrum24001800sgmy3.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Das Farbspektrum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Was wir wissen ist, dass das Gehirn Assoziationen zwischen semantischen Konzepten und &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetik"&gt;phonetischen&lt;/a&gt; Repräsentationen lagert, wobei die Anfangslaute wichtiger als die Endlaute sind. Beziehung zwischen unterschiedlichen &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantik"&gt;semantischen&lt;/a&gt; Konzepten, die nur indirekten Bezug zueinander haben, werden ebenso gelagert und können durch phonetische Ähnlichkeit leichter abgerufen werden. Die Sprache unseres Denkens ist aber wahrscheinlich nicht die der natürlichen Sprache mit der wir uns auch verbal unterhalten. Man geht davon aus, dass es sich um eine metasprachlichen Vorform davon handelt, welche mit Konzepten arbeitet, das sogenannte &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalesisch"&gt;Mentalesisch&lt;/a&gt;, was aber auch umstritten ist und weiteren Erklärungsbedarf bräuchte.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img171.imageshack.us/img171/2233/180pxphrenologychartfz6.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Die Phrenologie als Vorläufer der Theorie zur Modularität des Geistes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg"&gt;Greenberg&lt;/a&gt;, der lange Zeit die universellen Elemente in der Sprache gesucht und untersucht hat, bestätigt, dass der Anteil an fundamentalen Elementen in der menschlichen Verhaltensweise unter verschiedensten Sprachen größer ist als die &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiosynkratisch"&gt;idiosynkratischen&lt;/a&gt; Unterschieden, welche die Theorie des linguistischen Relativismus vorhersagt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ein weiteres Beispiel gegen linguistischen Relativismus ist das Argument von &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Fodor"&gt;Fodor&lt;/a&gt;, dass es einfache Module für visuelle Wahrnehmung gibt, welche nicht von der Sprache beeinflusst werden können.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img177.imageshack.us/img177/6385/180pxmllerlyerillusionsdd8.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Die bekannte Müller-Lyer Illusion&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Obwohl ich weiß, dass die Striche gleich lang sind, nehme ich sie nicht als gleich lang wahr. Die linguistische Information modifiziert also das entsprechende Wahrnehmungsmodul nicht und ergo hat die Sprache keinen Einfluss auf meine Wahrnehmung und so ist der linguistische Relativismus widerlegt. Allerdings wissen wir nicht wie Module für höhere neuronale Prozesse funktionieren und so können Aspekte des linguistischen Relativismus trotzdem wahr sein und die Einflussnahme der Sprache subtiler als bisher gedacht sein. (Fodor 1984) Es gilt deshalb sich folgende Frage zu stellen: Welche Aspekte der Sprache beeinflussen das Denken in systematischer Weise und wie stark ist dieser Einfluss?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wittgenstein, L. Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus). 1921.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;Humboldt, W. von. Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaus und seinen Einfluss auf die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts. 1836.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;Sapir, E. Language: An introduction to the study of speech. 1929.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;Whorf, B. L. Science and Linguistics. In: Technology Review 42 (6): 229-31, 247-8. 1940.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;Chandler, D. The Act of Writing. 1995.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;Popper, K. Normal Science and its Dangers. In: Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. 1970&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;Fisher, S. Is There a Text in This Class? The Authority of Interpretative Communities. 1980&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;Pullum, G. K. The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax and Other Irreverent Essays on the Study of Language. 1991.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;Pinker, S. The Language Instinct. 1994&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-5695457191430839387?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/5695457191430839387/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=5695457191430839387' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5695457191430839387'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5695457191430839387'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/06/sapir-whorf-hypothese.html' title='Sapir-Whorf Hypothese'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-8862599594621083931</id><published>2008-06-18T14:20:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-06-18T14:20:47.900+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Japanese Language'/><title type='text'>A Kanji - A Day (18.06.08)</title><content type='html'>Halftime!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;31. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;耳&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;an ear&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;an edge&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;an salvage&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ジ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ji&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;耳&lt;/span&gt;鼻科 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;じ&lt;/span&gt;びか） / an ear, nose and throat hospital&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;b) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;みみ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;mimi&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;耳&lt;/span&gt;が早い（&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;みみ&lt;/span&gt;がはやい） / have keen ears&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;32. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;七&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;seven&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;シチ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;shichi&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;七&lt;/span&gt;月 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;しち&lt;/span&gt;がつ） / July&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;b) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;なな&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;nana&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 親の&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;七&lt;/span&gt;光 （おやの&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;なな&lt;/span&gt;ひかり） / the influence of parents&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;c) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ななつ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;nanatsu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;七&lt;/span&gt;つ （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ななつ&lt;/span&gt;） / seven&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;d) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;なの&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;nano&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;七&lt;/span&gt;日 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;なの&lt;/span&gt;か） / seven days, the seventh day&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;33. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;車&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a car&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a vehicle&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;シャ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;sha&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. ぴかぴかの新&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;車&lt;/span&gt; （ぴかぴかのしん&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;しゃ&lt;/span&gt;） / a shiny new car&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;b) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;くるま&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kuruma&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;車&lt;/span&gt;椅子 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;くるま&lt;/span&gt;いす） / a wheelchair&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;34. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;手&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a hand&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a worker&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a means&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a device&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a way&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a trick&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;an idea&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a kind&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;trouble&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;labor&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;care&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;シュ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;shu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 握&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;手&lt;/span&gt; （あく&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;しゅ&lt;/span&gt;） / shaking hands, a handshake&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;b) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;て&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. もっといい&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;手&lt;/span&gt;が有る （もっといい&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;て&lt;/span&gt;がある） / There is a better way.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;c) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;た&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ta&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;手&lt;/span&gt;綱 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;た&lt;/span&gt;づな） / reins&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;35. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;十&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;ten&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ジュウ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;juu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;十&lt;/span&gt;月 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;じゅう&lt;/span&gt;がつ） / October&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;b) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ジッ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ji&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;|&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;十&lt;/span&gt;戒 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;じっか&lt;/span&gt;い） / the ten commandments&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;c) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;とお&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;too&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;十&lt;/span&gt;日 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;とお&lt;/span&gt;か） / ten days, the tenth day&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;d) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;と&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;to&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;十&lt;/span&gt;人&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;十&lt;/span&gt;色 （じゅうにん&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;と&lt;/span&gt;いろ） / So many men, so many minds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;36. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;出&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;go out&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;attend&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;enter&lt;/span&gt;" , "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;participate&lt;/span&gt;" , "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;come out&lt;/span&gt;" , "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;appear&lt;/span&gt;" , "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;rise&lt;/span&gt;" , "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;start&lt;/span&gt;" , "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;leave&lt;/span&gt;" , "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;take out&lt;/span&gt;" , "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;get out&lt;/span&gt;" , "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;show&lt;/span&gt;" , "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;produce&lt;/span&gt;" , "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;serve&lt;/span&gt;" , "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;pay&lt;/span&gt;" , "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;put out&lt;/span&gt;" , "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;an appearance&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;one's origin&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;シュツ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;shutsu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;出&lt;/span&gt;資 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;しゅっ&lt;/span&gt;し） / investment&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;b) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;スイ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;sui&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;出&lt;/span&gt;納係 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;すい&lt;/span&gt;とうがかり） / a cashier, a teller&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;c) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;で&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;de&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;出&lt;/span&gt;口 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;で&lt;/span&gt;ぐち） / an exit, a way out&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;d) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;でる&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;deru&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 買い物に&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;出&lt;/span&gt;かける （かいものに&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;で&lt;/span&gt;かけ&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;る&lt;/span&gt;） / go out for shopping&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;e) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;だす&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;dasu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. お茶を&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;出&lt;/span&gt;す （おちゃを&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;だす&lt;/span&gt;） / serve green tea&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;37. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;女&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;woman&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;the female&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a lady&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;one's mistress&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;one's woman&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ジョ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;jo&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;女&lt;/span&gt;性 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;じょ&lt;/span&gt;せい） / the female, a woman&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;b) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ニョ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;nyo&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;女&lt;/span&gt;官 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;にょ&lt;/span&gt;かん） / a court lady&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;c) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ニョウ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;nyou&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;女&lt;/span&gt;房 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;にょう&lt;/span&gt;ぼう） / one's wife&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;d) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;おんな&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;onna&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;女&lt;/span&gt;物 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;おんな&lt;/span&gt;もの） / for ladies, ladies'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;e) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;め&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;女&lt;/span&gt;神 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;め&lt;/span&gt;がみ） / a goddess&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;38. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;小&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;small&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;little&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;tiny&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ショウ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;shou&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;小&lt;/span&gt;学校 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;しょう&lt;/span&gt;がっこう） / a primary (elementary) school&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;b) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ちいさい&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;chiisai&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;小&lt;/span&gt;さなコアラ （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ちいさ&lt;/span&gt;なこあら） / a small koala&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;c) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;こ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ko&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;小&lt;/span&gt;石 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;こ&lt;/span&gt;いし） / a pebble, a small stone, gravel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;d) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;お&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;小&lt;/span&gt;川 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;お&lt;/span&gt;がわ） / a stream, a creek, a brook, a rivulet&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;e) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;さ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;sa&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;小&lt;/span&gt;夜曲 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;さ&lt;/span&gt;よきょく） / a serenade&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;39. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;上&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;the upper part&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a higher place&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;go up&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;rise&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;lift up&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;get in&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;get out&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;finish&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;over&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ジョウ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;jou&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;上&lt;/span&gt;達する （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;じょう&lt;/span&gt;たつする） / become skillful, get better, make progress, improve, advance&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;b) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;うえ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ue&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 机の&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;上&lt;/span&gt;に～ （つくえの&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;うえ&lt;/span&gt;に） / on the desk&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;c) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;うわ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;uwa&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;上&lt;/span&gt;着 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;うわ&lt;/span&gt;ぎ） / outerwear, a coat, a jacket&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;d) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;かみ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kami&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 川&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;上&lt;/span&gt; （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;か&lt;/span&gt;わか&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;み&lt;/span&gt;） / the upper part of a river, upstream&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;e) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;あげる&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ageru&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 棚に&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;上&lt;/span&gt;げる （たなに&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;あげる&lt;/span&gt;） / put ~ on the shelf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;f) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;あがる&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;agaru&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 階段を&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;上&lt;/span&gt;がる （かいだんを&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;あがる&lt;/span&gt;） / go up the stairs&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;g) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;あがり&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;agari&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 病み&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;上&lt;/span&gt;がり （やみ&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;あがり&lt;/span&gt;） / convalescence&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;h) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;のぼる&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;nobaru&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 噂に&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;上&lt;/span&gt;る （うわさに&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;のぼる&lt;/span&gt;） / be talked about&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;40. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;森&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;woods&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;forest&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a grove&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;シン&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;shin&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;森&lt;/span&gt;林 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;しん&lt;/span&gt;りん） / woods, a forest&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;b) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;もり&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;mori&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 鎮守の&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;森&lt;/span&gt;（ちんじゅの&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;もり&lt;/span&gt;） / the grove of the village shrine&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Speech examples can be found at the &lt;a href="http://www.saiga-jp.com/kanji_dictionary.html"&gt;Japanese Kanji Dictionary&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Stroke order can be found at the &lt;a href="http://japanese.about.com/library/blkodarchives.htm"&gt;Kanji Land&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First Class (40/80 signs): &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;一右雨円王&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;音下火花貝&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;学気休玉金九空月犬見&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;五口校左三&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;山四子糸字&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;耳七車手十出女小上森&lt;/span&gt;人水正生青石赤先千川早草足村大男竹中虫町天田土二日入年白八百文本名木目夕立力林六&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-8862599594621083931?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/8862599594621083931/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=8862599594621083931' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8862599594621083931'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8862599594621083931'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/06/kanji-day-180608.html' title='A Kanji - A Day (18.06.08)'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-8663514423307282688</id><published>2008-06-18T09:58:00.004+02:00</published><updated>2008-06-18T12:32:33.437+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 18. June, 2008</title><content type='html'>Long time no see!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Who cares about society? Let's have gay sex! It depends on you own choice and your genetics: &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080616101119.htm"&gt;Society's Attitudes Have Little Impact On Choice Of Sexual Partner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. I'll become rich and you'll die of cancer because I know everything about you: &lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/06/seeing-ourselves-seeing-others-built-in.html"&gt;Seeing ourselves / Seeing others - built in errors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. There are only 4 elements: Earth, Wind, Fire, Water and not 100: &lt;a href="http://dericbownds.net/uploaded_images/DiscoveryInst.gif"&gt;Only a theory!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. My neolithic stone projectile is going to be so big that it'll blast away the whole universe: &lt;a href="http://anthropology.net/2008/06/17/culture-does-in-fact-optimize/"&gt;Culture does, in fact, optimize&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. I can write this shit since my brain's so big. Actually it is has something to do with gradualism and integration: &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/06/spandrels-are-f.html"&gt;Building a New Brain from Old Parts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. At least this post will be a success to our species: &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080612150144.htm"&gt;Humor Shown To Be Fundamental To Our Success As A Species&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. Oh well, I got lice that's why I'm talking rubbish: &lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/dn14150-can-parasites-influence-the-language-we-speak.html?feedId=online-news_rss20"&gt;Can parasites influence the language we speak?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-8663514423307282688?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/8663514423307282688/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=8663514423307282688' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8663514423307282688'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8663514423307282688'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/06/points-of-interest-18-june-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 18. June, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-1191182653278055997</id><published>2008-06-15T08:44:00.009+02:00</published><updated>2008-06-15T10:53:00.029+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='German Language'/><title type='text'>Kanake mit Migrationshintergrund</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img529.imageshack.us/img529/2127/unbenannt2pj9.jpg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Nicht nur in unserer Esskultur passen wir uns dem großen Bruder jenseits vom großen Teich an; Nein, inzwischen haben wir sogar unser eigenes "Afro-Amerikaner-Phänomen". Deutscher mit Migrationshintergrund (DMM) liest man häufig, vor allem wenn es um Jugendliche und Strafrecht geht und genau dieser Kontext verleiht dem Begriff eine negative Konnotation. Es würde niemandem einfallen diesen Begriff auf die stille chinesische Biologiestudentin anzuwenden. Was man mit dieser pejorativ gewordenen Phrase eigentlich meint ist krimineller Kanake, Mulatte oder Ausländer, aber das darf man ja nicht so schreiben - wissen was damit gemeint ist tut jeder, macht das die Sache etwa besser?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img293.imageshack.us/img293/5462/unbenannt2sb7.jpg" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ja, jedenfalls denken so die Medienmacher Deutschlands. Neue Bezeichnung ist gleich neuer Inhalt und so geizt man nicht mit kreativen Neologismen. Doch Vorsicht, was den Schreiberlingen noch nicht verraten wurde ist, dass Euphemismen nicht losgelöst von ihren Vorgängern sind und irgendwann eingeholt werden von ihrer Vergangenheit. Dieses Prinzip wurde von &lt;a href="http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/"&gt;Pinker&lt;/a&gt; als Euphemismus-Tretmühle bezeichnet und lässt sich gut anhand des DMM-Phänomens beschreiben. So kann der Begriff zwar anfangs eine gewisse Neutralität haben, wird aber - nicht zuletzt durch den Kontext negativ - nach &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham%27s_Law"&gt;Gresham's Law&lt;/a&gt;, und übernimmt die dominanten Konnotationen des Vorgängers.&lt;br /&gt;Dieser Prozess ist keineswegs neu und wurde schon 1933 von Orwell beobachtet. Wenn wir zurück in der Geschichte gehen, sehen wir einen generellen Trend unliebsam Gewordenes neu zu benennen. So bezeichnet Kanake eigentlich ein Mensch vom Volk der Kanak  in Neukaledonien. Über die hanseatische Schifffahrt kam der Begriff, welcher die Matrosen eigentlich als Honoration - also positiv besetzt - für ihre polynesischen Kameraden verwendeten,   nach Deutschland und wurde durch die Lautähnlichkeit zu "Hannak" negativ. Hannak war ursprünglich die Bezeichnung für eine tschechische Volksgruppe und in Berlin als Synonym zu Bösartigkeit und Niederträchtigkeit in Gebrauch.&lt;br /&gt;Soviel zum Thema "Aus der Geschichte lernen". Vielleicht kann man sich in 5 Jahren auf Prozentualdeutscher einigen und das Spiel geht von vorne los.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-1191182653278055997?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/1191182653278055997/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=1191182653278055997' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1191182653278055997'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1191182653278055997'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/06/kanake-mit-migrationshintergrund.html' title='Kanake mit Migrationshintergrund'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-7758840379174830531</id><published>2008-06-11T11:16:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2008-06-11T11:44:51.986+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 11. June, 2008</title><content type='html'>1. The old story - biologist does a paper about language with cool phylogenetic, cladistic or mathematic models and it's published without a consult from a linguist: &lt;a href="http://mr-verb.blogspot.com/2008/06/math-and-its-uses.html"&gt;Math and its uses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Beautiful Japanese poem from Ryôkan translated by No-sword: &lt;a href="http://no-sword.jp/blog/2008/06/moment_of_silence.html"&gt;Moment of silence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/06/growing-new-brain-cells-enhanced-by.html"&gt;Growing new brain cells enhanced by social contact&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. &lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/06/neural-circuits-of-free-choice.html"&gt;The neural circuits of free choice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. &lt;a href="http://altjapan.typepad.com/my_weblog/2008/06/the-end-of-akiba-no.html#more"&gt;The End of Akiba? No.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080605150908.htm"&gt;Serotonin Link To Impulsivity, Decision-making, Confirmed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080609090706.htm"&gt;'Super Paper:' New Nanopaper More Break-resistant Than Cast Iron&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. &lt;a href="http://technology.newscientist.com/article/dn14105-robot-asimo-can-understand-three-voices-at-once.html"&gt;Robot Asimo can understand three voices at once&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. &lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/dn14019-have-we-begun-to-crack-the-brains-code.html?feedId=online-news_rss20"&gt;Have we begun to crack the brain's code?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-7758840379174830531?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/7758840379174830531/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=7758840379174830531' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7758840379174830531'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7758840379174830531'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/06/points-of-interest-11-june-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 11. June, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3422541079104205946</id><published>2008-06-09T09:16:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2008-06-09T12:42:01.416+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 09. June, 2008</title><content type='html'>1. &lt;a href="http://mr-verb.blogspot.com/2008/06/german-literature-and-foreign-language.html"&gt;German literature and foreign language puns&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. &lt;a href="http://johnhawks.net/weblog/reviews/evolution/demography/voight-demographic-exponential-2008.html?seemore=y"&gt;Handling exponential growth in demographic model&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/06/sex-differences-in-judging.html"&gt;Sex differences in judging attractiveness - brain correlates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/06/body_position_affects_memory_f.php"&gt;Body position affects memory for events&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/06/whats_more_convincing_than_tal.php"&gt;What's more convincing than talking about brains? Pictures of brains!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/06/toolmaking-and.html"&gt;Toolmaking and Speech&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. &lt;a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-06/plos-hdb060208.php"&gt;Honeybee dance breaks down cultural barrier&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3422541079104205946?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3422541079104205946/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3422541079104205946' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3422541079104205946'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3422541079104205946'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/06/points-of-interest-09-june-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 09. June, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-7091011452817442588</id><published>2008-06-04T11:07:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-06-04T11:37:05.294+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 04. June, 2008</title><content type='html'>1. The evolution of language. It's not nature &lt;del&gt;versus&lt;/del&gt; nurture but nature &lt;b&gt;and&lt;/b&gt; nurture in my opinion: &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/06/the-workings-of.html#more"&gt;The Workings of Co-Evolution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. The evolution of music. Check out the article on &lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7193/full/453287a.html"&gt;Nature&lt;/a&gt; if you can: &lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/06/evolution-of-music.html"&gt;The Evolution of Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. All hail our chimpanzee leaders: &lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/06/do-chimpanzees-have-theory-of-mind-30.html"&gt;Do chimpanzees have a theory of mind? 30 years later&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Ficition versus reality - the difference in a MRI: &lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/05/meeting-george-bush-versus-meeting.html"&gt;Meeting George Bush versus Meeting Cinderella&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Buehler deserves some respect, bitches: &lt;a href="http://sharedsymbolicstorage.blogspot.com/2008/06/karl-bhlerbuhlerbuehler-on-evolution-of.html"&gt;Karl Bühler/Buhler/Buehler on the Evolution of Language&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. I'd nominate this headline for the most freaky one I've ever seen and beware the article itself is even stranger: &lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14053-zombie-caterpillars-controlled-by-voodoo-wasps.html"&gt;Zombie caterpillars controlled by voodoo wasps&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. Oh well, too good to be true: &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080602214135.htm"&gt;Good News In Our DNA: Defects You Can Fix With Vitamins And Minerals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. Cannabis makes you even more stupid (you have to be stupid to do drugs): &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080602160845.htm"&gt;Long-term Cannabis Users May Have Structural Brain Abnormalities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080602133313.htm"&gt;Micro-robots Dance On Something Smaller Than A Pin's Head&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-7091011452817442588?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/7091011452817442588/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=7091011452817442588' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7091011452817442588'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7091011452817442588'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/points-of-interest-04-june-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 04. June, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3325009785613864192</id><published>2008-05-31T11:15:00.004+02:00</published><updated>2008-06-02T09:48:03.612+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Semantic Web'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Internet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Computational Linguistics'/><title type='text'>Semantic Web</title><content type='html'>Today an interesting &lt;a href="http://technology.newscientist.com/article/mg19826585.800-birth-pangs-for-the-semantic-web.html"&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; was posted on New Scientist about the Semantic Web - unfortunately, not available for me yet. Everybody's talking about Web 2.0 and nobody knows what it's all about. The real thing that's going on at the moment is the so called Semantic Web project.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/"&gt;Tim Berners-Lee&lt;/a&gt;, so to say the founder of the World Wide Web and &lt;a href="http://www.w3.org/"&gt;W3C&lt;/a&gt; head, suggested a new dimension of the Internet; Please note that the Internet and the WWW are not the same thing but often used equally and so do I. He expressed it by following words:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;I have a dream for the Web [in which computers] become capable of analyzing all the data on the Web – the content, links, and transactions between people and computers. A 'Semantic Web', which should make this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it does, the day-to-day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by machines talking to machines. The 'intelligent agents' people have touted for ages will finally materialize. (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web#Purpose"&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is, by the way, one topic of my, hopefully, new course of study - computational linguistics. The idea is to categorise and connect ideas in a way that a machine can understand and interact on a (semi-)natural with humans, e.g. via meta-information:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Non-semantic web (Web 1.0 and Web 2.0):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;.item&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;Cat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;./item&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Semantic web (part of Web 3.0):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;.animal Kingdom="Animalia" Phylum="Chordata" Class="Mammalia" Order="Carnivora" Family="Felidae" Genus="Felis"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;Cat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;./animal&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web#Semantic_v.s._non-Semantic_Web"&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This should create a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serendipity"&gt;Serendipity effect&lt;/a&gt; as many users already experience when they do 'wikihopping'. A very advanced usage would be that a user can now ask the web:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;Person&lt;/span&gt;: "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Oh, I have a lovely cat at home and could you please tell me the class of my cat?&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;Semantic WWW&lt;/span&gt;: "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Of course sir/madam. You're from Europe, Republic of Ireland so the most likely class would be Mammalia. May I show you some images for verification or do you want to know something more?&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;or:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;Person&lt;/span&gt;: "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;When did the Berlin wall go down?&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;Semantic WWW&lt;/span&gt;: "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;In 1989&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; Do you want some videos related to the event?&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because search engines are dumb and can't understand meaning, you'll receive often inaccurate answers:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. BBC ON THIS DAY | 9 | 1989: The night the Wall came down&lt;br /&gt;2. When did the Berlin Wall go down? - Blurtit&lt;br /&gt;3. Why did the berlin wall come down? - Yahoo! Answers (&lt;a href="http://www.google.de/search?q=When+did+the+Berlin+wall+go+down&amp;amp;ie=utf-8&amp;amp;oe=utf-8&amp;amp;aq=t&amp;amp;rls=org.mozilla:de:official&amp;amp;client=firefox-a"&gt;Google&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The idea of meta data is, infact, not new. Via HTML, especially &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Core"&gt;Dublin Core&lt;/a&gt;, you can realise meta data (via &lt;code&gt;&lt;.meta&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) but almost nobody uses it because it is much more work to do and search engines do not use meta data to index websites anymore and many browsers don't care at all. This will also be one of the main problems for a global Semantic Web. Many coders/users just don't care about meta information. So you'll have to make them care with prescriptions or to make it interesting to use meta tags.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3325009785613864192?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3325009785613864192/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3325009785613864192' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3325009785613864192'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3325009785613864192'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/semantic-web.html' title='Semantic Web'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3529878224486449718</id><published>2008-05-29T13:55:00.004+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-29T18:21:36.952+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Japanese Language'/><title type='text'>A Kanji - A Day (29.05.08)</title><content type='html'>I'm a bit exicted since the fourth edition of Dungeons and Dragons will be released very soon (06.06.08). Nevertheless, I have to continue learning Japanese.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;26. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;山&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a mountain&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;サン&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;san&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 火&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;山&lt;/span&gt; （か&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ざん&lt;/span&gt;） / a volcano&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;やま&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;yama&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;山&lt;/span&gt;場 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;やま&lt;/span&gt;ば） / the climax, the peak, the crisis&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;27. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;四&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;four&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;シ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;shi&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;四&lt;/span&gt;月 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;し&lt;/span&gt;がつ） / April &lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;よつ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;yotsu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;四&lt;/span&gt;つ角 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;よつ&lt;/span&gt;かど） / a crossroads&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;よっつ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;yottsu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;四&lt;/span&gt;つ （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;よっつ&lt;/span&gt;） / four&lt;br /&gt;d) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;よん&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;yon&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;四&lt;/span&gt;輪駆動 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;よん&lt;/span&gt;りんくどう） / 4WD&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;28. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;子&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;child&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;kid&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;baby&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;an infant&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;シ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;shi&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;子&lt;/span&gt;午線 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;し&lt;/span&gt;ごせん） / the meridian&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt; b) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ス&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;su&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 様&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;子&lt;/span&gt; （よう&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;す&lt;/span&gt;） / appearances, a look, the situation, the state of things, circumstances&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;こ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ko&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;子&lt;/span&gt;分 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;こ&lt;/span&gt;ぶん） / a follower, a henchman, a following&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;29. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;糸&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;thread&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;yarn&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;シ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;shi&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 一&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;糸&lt;/span&gt;乱れず （いっ&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;し&lt;/span&gt;みだれず） / in precise order, in perfect coordination&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;いと&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ito&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 絹&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;糸&lt;/span&gt; （きぬ&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;いと&lt;/span&gt;） / silk thread&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;30. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;字&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a character&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a letter&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;writting&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;script&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ジ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ji&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 文&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;字&lt;/span&gt; （も&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;じ&lt;/span&gt;） / a character, a letter&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;あざ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;aza&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;字&lt;/span&gt; （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;あざ&lt;/span&gt;） / a section, a township&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Speech examples can be found at the &lt;a href="http://www.saiga-jp.com/kanji_dictionary.html"&gt;Japanese Kanji Dictionary&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Stroke order can be found at the &lt;a href="http://japanese.about.com/library/blkodarchives.htm"&gt;Kanji Land&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First Class (30/80 signs): &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;一右雨円王&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;音下火花貝&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;学気休玉金九空月犬見&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;五口校左三&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;山四子糸字&lt;/span&gt;耳七車手十出女小上森人水正生青石赤先千川早草足村大男竹中虫町天田土二日入年白八百文本名木目夕立力林六&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3529878224486449718?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3529878224486449718/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3529878224486449718' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3529878224486449718'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3529878224486449718'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/kanji-day-290508.html' title='A Kanji - A Day (29.05.08)'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-5082672068840552919</id><published>2008-05-28T10:24:00.012+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-31T12:12:39.799+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuroscience'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Language'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Linguistics'/><title type='text'>EEG: Code Switching &amp; The Language You Think In</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In 2004 a team of scientists under the lead of Alice Mado Proverbio, professor of cognitive electrophysiology at the Milano-Bicocca University in Milan, analysed the brain activity of fifteen subjects via EEG while they were shown sentences in their native and secondary language (L2). The subjects were interpreters for the European Union and fluent in English. They were shown sentences which "could be entirely in Italian or in English (unmixed); alternatively, the body of the sentence could be in English and the final word in Italian or vice versa (mixed)." (Proverbio 2004) The objective was to determine "[...] neural mechanisms subserving code switching [...]." (ibid.) They monitored an alteration in the brain waves as the participants where code switching.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This sounds quite interesting. Unfortunately, from a linguistic point of view, you can't compare two different languages this way I think. The slightly higher amplitude can rise due to the different morphology, syntax and phonology. Italian, as a Romance language, focus much more on grammatical morphemes than English.&lt;br /&gt;Take the phonology: The IPA notes for Standard English (RP) 24 consonants, 21 vowels (Sauer 1990) compared to Standard Italian with 46 consonants (short and long consonants) and 27 vowels (Rogers &amp;amp; d'Arcangeli 2004).&lt;br /&gt;Take the morphology: "Nouns in Italian have gender (masculine or feminine, but no neuter), and number (singular or plural). The gender and number is always shown by the leading article (definite or indefinite), and usually by the final vowel. [...] Adjectives, like nouns, have two genders and two numbers. Italian verb infinitives have one of three endings, either -&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;are&lt;/span&gt;, -&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;ere&lt;/span&gt;, or -&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;ire&lt;/span&gt;. (Wikipedia) In English we have the third person pronouns, the Saxon genitive and only 8 possible inflection forms for verbs.&lt;br /&gt;In contrast to the rudimentary English verb conjugation system the Italian language has a distinctive system derived from Latin. Furthermore, the lexicon from L1 may be stored deeper in the left hemisphere than the lexicon from L2.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sentences like:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(A)&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; Occorre impedire l’uso fraudolento delle carte di &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;CREDITO&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;in comparison to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(B)&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; The fraudulent use of &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;CREDIT&lt;/span&gt; cards must be prevented.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;may not be equal and produce different results.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Earlier this year another paper of Proverbio (et al.) was published in Biological Psychology which is about the difference between native language, secondary and even tertiary language (L2, L3) usage and their representation in the brain. The brain activity was recognisably higher when they were shown words from their native language.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;"Proverbio attributed the differences to the fact the brain absorbs the mother tongue at a time when it is also storing early visual, acoustic, emotional and other nonlinguistic knowledge." (MSNBC)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Unfortunately, this article is not available for my university and therefore out of reach. I doubt whether an EEG could so easily find the difference between first and second language. You can't easily compare an Italic language with a Germanic language that way; they were separated from their Indo-European roots 2000 years ago. At least you have to consider the difference between morphology, phonology, semantics and syntax. Semantics I havn't mentioned yet. Italian words have sometimes 'more or less meanings' attached they are not equal to e.g. German words.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://lingformant.vertebratesilence.com/2008/05/26/mind-reading-may-reveal-mother-tongue/"&gt;Lingformant&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24819952/"&gt;MSNBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Proverbio, M. Alice (et al.). Language switching mechanisms in simultaneous interpreters: an ERP study. In: Neuropsychologia 42 (12). 2004: 1636-1656.&lt;br /&gt;Proverbio, M. Alice (et al.). Inferring native language from early bio-electrical activity. In: Biological Psychology. 2008.&lt;br /&gt;Rogers &amp;amp; d'Arcangeli. Vowels of Italian. 2004.&lt;br /&gt;Sauer, Walter. A Drillbook of English Phonetics. 1990.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Note:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;I changed this article due to Ms. Proverbio's correction in the comments. &lt;/span&gt;The article on MSNBC was misleading since they mixed the content of the 2004 paper with the paper from 2008.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-5082672068840552919?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/5082672068840552919/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=5082672068840552919' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5082672068840552919'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5082672068840552919'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/language-in-our-brain.html' title='EEG: Code Switching &amp; The Language You Think In'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-330492973780945884</id><published>2008-05-27T11:42:00.011+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-31T12:19:27.581+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Foundations'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Logic'/><title type='text'>Aussagenlogik (Teil 2)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In &lt;a href="http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/aussagenlogik-teil-1.html"&gt;Teil 1&lt;/a&gt; wurde die Terminologie und die Syntax der Aussagenlogik besprochen. Um das ganze abzurunden beschäftigen wir uns nun mit dem letzten Teil der Aussagenlogik, der Semantik und dem Tableaux als Beweisverfahren.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In den vorherigen Gesetzen ist eine Formel als φ definiert und die aussagenlogische Belegung als g. Nun gibt es Belegungen die allgemeingültig oder gar unerfüllbar sind. Ersteres nennt man &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Tautologie &lt;/span&gt;(gr. &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;τὸ αὐτό&lt;/span&gt; "dasselbe" und &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;λόγος&lt;/span&gt; "Wort", "Rede", "Sinn"). "Sinnlos", aber nicht "unsinnig" seien die Tautologien, welche "nichts" bedeuten, schreibt Wittgenstein in seinem Tractatus&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. Als Formel wird eine Tautologie folgendermaßen ausgedrückt:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;⊨φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eine Tautologie ist also unabhängig der Wahrheitswerte ihrer Elemente wahr. Das einfachste Beispiel ist (A ∨ ¬A); Es ist also wahr oder nicht wahr. Das einfachste Beispiel eines Widerspruchs wäre im Umkehrschluss (¬A ∧ A). Shakespeare lässt seinen Hamlet ganz treffend sagen: "Sein oder nicht sein"&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; - wobei er wohl noch keine Bekanntschaft mit Schrödingers Katze gemacht hat, denn die kann bekanntlicherweise lebendig und tot zugleich sein&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Damit wäre nun die Semantik abgeschlossen. Werfen wir noch ein paar Definitionen in den Raum bevor wir überhaupt zu einem anspruchsvollen Beweisverfahren kommen.&lt;br /&gt;Wenn man eine Menge von Formeln hat, definiert als  Φ, dann folgt aus dieser Menge eine Formel ψ, wenn die Formel ψ die gleichen Belegungen erfüllt wie die Menge Φ:&lt;br /&gt;Man schreibt dafür Φ ⊨ ψ und nennt die Elemente von Φ die &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Prämissen &lt;/span&gt;und ψ die &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Konklusion&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; Zum Beispiel ist (A ∧ B) ⊨ (A ∨ B), denn jede Belegung die den ersten Teil der Formel erfüllt, macht auch den zweiten Teil wahr. Sind zwei Formeln gleichwertig, dann spricht man von &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Äquivalenz&lt;/span&gt;. Die einfachste Äquivalenz wäre:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;¬¬φ ≡ φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Teil 1 haben wir Gebrauch von Tabellen gemacht um die Wahrheitswerte herauszufinden, das ist allerdings zu aufwendig, denn je mehr Elemente eine Formel hat, desto größer (2&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt; um genau zu sein; n = Anzahl der Elemente) wird unsere Tabelle und platzt schließlich aus allen Nähten. Deshalb wurde die &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Tableaux-Methode&lt;/span&gt; entwickelt um in einem Widerlegungsverfahren die Erfüllbarkeit von Formeln der Aussagenlogik zu (be-) widerlegen. Ich verwende hierfür das Beispiel aus Klabunde (et al.).&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die Frage ist, wie man beweisen kann, dass A ⇒ (B ⇒ A) eine Tautologie ist. Wir wissen, dass eine Formel genau dann allgemeingültig ist, wenn die Negation dieser Formel unerfüllbar ist. Wir benutzen also ein Hintertürchen und beweisen die Unerfüllbarkeit:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;¬(A ⇒ (B ⇒ A))&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um diese Aussage also wahr zu machen, muss A ⇒ (B ⇒ A) falsch gemacht werden. Vergegenwärtigen wir uns noch einmal die allgemeine Regel:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;I ((φ ⇒ ψ)) = 1, falls I (φ) = 0 oder I (ψ) = 1, sonst I ((φ ⇒ ψ)) = 0&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Es muss (B ⇒ A) =  0 (d.h. ¬(B ⇒ A) = 1) und  A = 1 sein. Im Tableaux wird es folgendermaßen dargestellt:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. ¬(A ⇒ (B ⇒ A))&lt;br /&gt;2. A&lt;br /&gt;3. ¬(B ⇒ A)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zeile 2 kann nicht weiter zerlegt werden, aber Zeile 3 können wir zerlegen in:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. B&lt;br /&gt;5. ¬A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oder anders: Damit ¬(B ⇒ A) wahr wird muss B (siehe Zeile 4) wahr und A (siehe Zeile 5) falsch sein. Nun steht in Zeile 2 aber dass A = 1 sein muss und in Zeile 5 steht, dass A = 0 sein muss. Dieser Widerspruch schließt das Tableaux und wir haben bewiesen, dass ¬(A ⇒ (B ⇒ A)) nicht zu erfüllen und damit (A ⇒ (B ⇒ A)) eine Tautologie ist. Die Reihenfolge der Expansionen ist dabei fakultativ. Ein Tableaux ist dann geschlossen, wenn φ als auch ¬φ darin vorkommen. Beweisbar ist eine Formel, wenn ¬φ in ein geschlossenes Tableaux übergeht. Man spricht formal von einem &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Theorem&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;⊦φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um eine Tautologie handelt es sich:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;wenn ⊦φ dann ⊨ φ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Auch für das Tableaux gibt es allgemeingültige Regeln, so haben wir in Zeile 3 folgendes Schema angewandt:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;F→: ¬(φ ⇒ ψ)&lt;br /&gt;         ________&lt;br /&gt;         φ&lt;br /&gt;        ¬ψ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Diese Regel wird &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Expansionsregel &lt;/span&gt;genannt. Daraus lassen sich natürlich auch andere Expansionsregeln wie:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;W&lt;sub&gt;∧&lt;/sub&gt;: (φ ∧ ψ)&lt;br /&gt;         ______&lt;br /&gt;        φ&lt;br /&gt;        ψ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;erstellen. Mit dem Problem, dass (φ ∨ ψ) wahr ist, wenn das erste oder das zweite Element wahr ist muss man umgehen indem man im Tableaux eine Verzweigung in der betreffenden Zeile erstellt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dass die Möglichkeiten der Aussagenlogik begrenzt ist, habe ich schon Anfangs erwähnt. So ist es zum Beispiel nicht möglich über die Eigenschaften der Objekte zu sprechen. Dies ist das Gebiet der Prädikatenlogik, mit der ich mich demnächst beschäftigen werden. Ein anderes Thema, welches für mich im Moment relevant ist, ist MathML und LaTeX bzw. TeX um mathematische Formeln dazustellen. HTML alleine ist dazu kaum in der Lage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. These 6.11.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. 3. Aufzug, 1. Szene.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; Schrödinger, Erwin. Naturwissenschaften, 48, 807; 49, 823; 50, 844.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; Klabunde, Ralf (et al.). Computerlinguistik und Sprachtechnologie. 36.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; Klabunde, Ralf (et al.). Computerlinguistik und Sprachtechnologie. 38ff.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-330492973780945884?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/330492973780945884/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=330492973780945884' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/330492973780945884'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/330492973780945884'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/aussagenlogik-teil-2.html' title='Aussagenlogik (Teil 2)'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-4413438367115234293</id><published>2008-05-25T13:32:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-26T13:35:23.343+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 25. May, 2008</title><content type='html'>1. Interesting and humorous, unfortunately I'm light years from any degree:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jacobite.org.uk/dave/odd/lotr.html"&gt;Lord of the Rings: an allegory of the PhD?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. About the mascot of the Nara 1300th-anniversary. It's about the capital move from Fujiwara to Nara. The second part with the poem is interesting. It shows the complexity of Japanese poems: &lt;a href="http://no-sword.jp/blog/2008/05/sento_out.html"&gt;Sento out!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Interesting facts about the Ainu language: &lt;a href="http://no-sword.jp/blog/2008/05/ainu_utari_ainu.html"&gt;Ainu, Utari, Ainu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. The powerless will always be powerless: &lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/05/lacking-power-diminishes-cognitive.html"&gt;Lacking power diminishes cognitive function&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Reason versus emotion: &lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/05/mri-of-morality.html"&gt;The MRI of morality?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. Be careful with the interpretation of MRIs: &lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/05/mri-new-phrenology.html"&gt;MRI - the new phrenology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/05/parents_influence_on_kids_beha.php"&gt;Parents' influence on kids' behavior: Not much&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/05/aps_2008_what_chutes_and_ladde.php"&gt;What Chutes and Ladders has to do with learning Math&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/05/aps_2008_can_we_learn_from_err.php"&gt;Can we learn from errors? What if we're running a nuclear power plant?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10. &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/05/aps_2008_doing_algebra_its_the.php"&gt;Doing algebra - it's the little things that count&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11. &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/05/space-and-synta.html"&gt;Space and Syntax&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-4413438367115234293?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/4413438367115234293/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=4413438367115234293' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4413438367115234293'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4413438367115234293'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/points-of-interest-25-may-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 25. May, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-9077303850888951468</id><published>2008-05-19T12:09:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-19T12:09:25.319+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 19. May, 2008</title><content type='html'>1. The title says it all. However, I must add one thing: Magpies are the only known birds so far who are aware of themselves:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://henry.simon.net.nz/stories/2008/05/16/joshua-klein-on-the-amazing-intelligence-of-crows/"&gt;Joshua Klein on “the amazing intelligence of crows”&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. A fascinating ancient compendium of runic inscriptions on burial headstones of warriors and heroes:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://bibliodyssey.blogspot.com/2008/05/danicorum-monumentorum.html"&gt;Danicorum Monumentorum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. A humorous propaganda world map from 1911:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://bibliodyssey.blogspot.com/2008/05/asia-on-world.html"&gt;Asia on the World&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. An antique children's book about the cheerful cricket with a twisted story:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://bibliodyssey.blogspot.com/2008/05/cheerful-cricket.html"&gt;The Cheerful Cricket&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A really good urban animation sequence found on Digital World Tokyo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.vimeo.com/993998?pg=embed&amp;amp;sec=993998"&gt;Stunning urban animation crosses genre boundaries - and walls&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-9077303850888951468?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/9077303850888951468/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=9077303850888951468' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/9077303850888951468'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/9077303850888951468'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/points-of-interest-19-may-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 19. May, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3249922836969461484</id><published>2008-05-14T10:47:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-14T11:10:00.070+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Japanese Language'/><title type='text'>A Kanji - A Day (14.05.08)</title><content type='html'>21. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" &gt;五&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;five&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ゴ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;go&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;五&lt;/span&gt;月 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ご&lt;/span&gt;がつ） / May&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;いつ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;itsu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;五&lt;/span&gt;日 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;いつ&lt;/span&gt;か） / five days, the fifth day&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;いつつ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;itsutsu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;五&lt;/span&gt;つ （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;いつつ&lt;/span&gt;） / five&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;22. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" &gt;口&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a mouth&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;コウ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kou&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;口&lt;/span&gt;実 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;こう&lt;/span&gt;じつ） / a pretext, a pretense&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ク&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ku&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;口&lt;/span&gt;説く （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;く&lt;/span&gt;どく） / court, woo&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;くち&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kuchi&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;口&lt;/span&gt;答え （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;くち&lt;/span&gt;ごたえ） / back talk, a retort&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;23. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" &gt;校&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a school&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;コウ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kou&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;校&lt;/span&gt;歌 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;こう&lt;/span&gt;か） / a school song&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;24. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;左&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;left&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;サ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;sa&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 右往&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;左&lt;/span&gt;往する （うおう&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;さ&lt;/span&gt;おうする） / move around this way and that (in confusion)&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ひだり&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;hidari&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;左&lt;/span&gt;足 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ひだり&lt;/span&gt;あし） / a left leg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;25. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;三&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;three&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;サン&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;san&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;三&lt;/span&gt;月 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;さん&lt;/span&gt;がつ） / March&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;み&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;mi&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;三&lt;/span&gt;日月 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;み&lt;/span&gt;かづき） / a new moon, a crescent moon&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;みつ &lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;mitsu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;三&lt;/span&gt;つ子 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;みつ&lt;/span&gt;ご） / triplets&lt;br /&gt;d) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;みっつ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;mittsu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;三&lt;/span&gt;つ （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;みっつ&lt;/span&gt;） / three&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Speech examples can be found at the &lt;a href="http://www.saiga-jp.com/kanji_dictionary.html"&gt;Japanese Kanji Dictionary&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Stroke order can be found at the &lt;a href="http://japanese.about.com/library/blkodarchives.htm"&gt;Kanji Land&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First Class (25/80 signs): &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;一右雨円王&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;音下火花貝&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;学気休玉金九空月犬見&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;五口校左三&lt;/span&gt;山四子糸字耳七車手十出女小上森人水正生青石赤先千川早草足村大男竹中虫町天田土二日入年白八百文本名木目夕立力林六&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3249922836969461484?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3249922836969461484/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3249922836969461484' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3249922836969461484'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3249922836969461484'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/kanji-day-140508.html' title='A Kanji - A Day (14.05.08)'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-8533145821081153784</id><published>2008-05-13T12:37:00.009+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-31T12:20:39.260+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuroscience'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mirror Neurons'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cognition'/><title type='text'>Empathic Mirror Neurons</title><content type='html'>Mirror neurons fire in the same pattern when you do an action and when you watch the same action happen. Some people's mirror neurons appear to be more active and thus leading to a better empathic ability, i.e. the ability to read the emotional state of others and act correspondingly. People with autism often don't possess this ability, which probably is connected to the malfunctioning of mirror neurons (&lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/mg18825295.300-autism-linked-to-malfunctioning-mirror-neurons.html"&gt;New Scientist 2529:22&lt;/a&gt;). This theory is now supported by an experiment led by &lt;a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/spppm/research/aprc/staff/petere.html"&gt;Peter Enticott&lt;/a&gt;, Monash University (Australia), where "[...] 20 healthy adults [...] had to decide if paired images of faces were the same person. In another, they had to decide if both faces were showing the same emotion.                                                                                             In a separate task, volunteers watched video clips of thumb movement, a hand grasping a pen and a hand while writing, while the activity in the primary motor cortex of the brain, which contains mirror neurons, was recorded." (&lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13874-how-the-brain-detects-the-emotions-of-others-.html"&gt;New Scientist: 2008&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;The result showed a clear correlation between the mirror neuron activity and the judging of people's emotions but no correlation between the ability to recognise faces. Read more about &lt;a href="http://sharedsymbolicstorage.blogspot.com/search/label/Mirror%20Neurons"&gt;mirror neurons on Shared Symbolic Storage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://sharedsymbolicstorage.blogspot.com/search/label/Mirror%20Neurons"&gt;.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Small additions:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As far as I know you cannot prove the explicit existence of mirror neurons in the human brain. It is likely that they exist as we know from various tests which I won't discuss here.&lt;br /&gt;To assume that mirror neurons are linked to empathy is complex and must be discussed. Scientists assume that mirror neurons are located in the frontal cortex and superior parietal lobe [1], but the empathy related regions of the brain are the anterior insula and inferior frontal cortex. Nevertheless, studies have shown that empathic people have a higher activity in both regions in the brain. Of course further studies must be made and it is quite clear - I think - that more functions and regions of our complex brain are related to empathy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[1] Marco Iacoboni, Roger P. Woods, Marcel Brass, Harold Bekkering, John C. Mazziotta, Giacomo Rizzolatti, Cortical Mechanisms of Human Imitation, Science 286:5449 (1999)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[2] Gazzola, Aziz-Zadeh and Keysers, Current Biology, 2006. The paper can be found here: http://www.bcn-nic.nl/txt/people/publications/gazzola2006sound.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An interesting &lt;a href="http://www.interdisciplines.org/mirror"&gt;site about mirror neurons&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://www.slate.com/id/2165123/pagenum/all/"&gt;mythbusting mirror neurons article&lt;/a&gt; both provided by &lt;a href="http://sharedsymbolicstorage.blogspot.com/"&gt;Shared Symbolical Storage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-8533145821081153784?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/8533145821081153784/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=8533145821081153784' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8533145821081153784'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8533145821081153784'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/empathic-mirror-neurons.html' title='Empathic Mirror Neurons'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-9126625701927979036</id><published>2008-05-11T12:35:00.006+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-13T13:24:02.540+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Japanese Language'/><title type='text'>A Kanji - A Day (11.05.08)</title><content type='html'>Although tomorrow is a holiday ("&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_%28feast%29"&gt;Fronleichnam&lt;/a&gt;") in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, I'll work my ass off since I get 50% more money. Therefore, I'll learn 10 Kanji today.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;学&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;learn&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;scholarship&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;study&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;erudition&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ガク&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;gaku&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;学&lt;/span&gt;園祭 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;がく&lt;/span&gt;えんさい） / a campus festival, a school festival&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;まなぶ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;manabu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 代数&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;学&lt;/span&gt;を&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;学&lt;/span&gt;ぶ （だいすうがくを&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;まなぶ&lt;/span&gt;） / learn Algebra&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;12. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;気&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;air&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;atmosphere&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;spirit&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;mind&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;heart&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a will&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;intention&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;mood&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;nature&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;disposition&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;care&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;attention&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;キ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ki&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;気&lt;/span&gt;持ち （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;き&lt;/span&gt;もち） / feeling, a sensation, an intention&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ケ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ke&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;気&lt;/span&gt;配（&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;け&lt;/span&gt;はい） / an indication, a sign&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;13. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;休&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;rest&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;repose&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;absence&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;sleep&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a break&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a recess&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a pause&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a holiday&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a day off&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;キュウ&lt;/span&gt; (kyuu), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;休&lt;/span&gt;暇 （きゅうか） / a holiday, a day off, a vacation&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;やすむ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;yasumu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 仕事を&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;休&lt;/span&gt;む （しごとを&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;やすむ&lt;/span&gt;） / be absent from work&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;やすみ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;yasumi&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. お&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;休&lt;/span&gt;みなさい （お&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;やすみ&lt;/span&gt;なさい） / Good night&lt;br /&gt;d) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;やすまる&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;yasumaru&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 気の&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;休&lt;/span&gt;まる時がない （きの&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;やすまる&lt;/span&gt;ときがない） / have no peace of mind, have no time to feel at ease&lt;br /&gt;e) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;やすめる&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;yasumeru&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 頭を&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;休&lt;/span&gt;める （あたまを&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;やすめる&lt;/span&gt;） / rest one's brain&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;14. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;玉&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a ball&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a coin&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ギョク&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;gyoku&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;玉&lt;/span&gt;座 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ぎょく&lt;/span&gt;ざ） / the throne&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;たま&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;tama&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;玉&lt;/span&gt;突き事故（&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;たま&lt;/span&gt;つきじこ） / a pileup, a chain-reaction accident&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;15. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;金&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;money&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;metal&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;gold&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;キン&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kin&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;金&lt;/span&gt;曜日 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;きん&lt;/span&gt;ようび） / Friday&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;コン&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kon&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;金&lt;/span&gt;剛力 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;こん&lt;/span&gt;ごうりき） / Herculean strength&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ゴン&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;gon&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 黄&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;金&lt;/span&gt;時代 （おう&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ごん&lt;/span&gt;じだい） / the golden age, one's palmy days&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;d) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;かね&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kane&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;金&lt;/span&gt;持ち （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;かね&lt;/span&gt;もち） / a rich man, a person of wealth&lt;br /&gt;e) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;かな&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kana&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;金&lt;/span&gt;槌 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;かな&lt;/span&gt;づち） / a hammer   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;16. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;九&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;nine&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ク&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ku&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;九&lt;/span&gt;月 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;く&lt;/span&gt;がつ） / September&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;キュウ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kyuu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;九&lt;/span&gt;官鳥 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;きゅう&lt;/span&gt;かんちょう） / a hill myna&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ここの&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kokono&lt;/span&gt;), &lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;九&lt;/span&gt;日 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ここの&lt;/span&gt;か） / nine days, the ninth day&lt;br /&gt;d) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ここのつ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kokonotsu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;九&lt;/span&gt;つ （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ここのつ&lt;/span&gt;） / nine   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;17. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;空&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;the air&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;the sky&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;empty&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;vacancy&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;vanity&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;space&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;the void&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;クウ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (kuu), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;空&lt;/span&gt;気 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;くう&lt;/span&gt;き） / air, an atmosphere&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;そら&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;sora&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;空&lt;/span&gt;耳 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;そら&lt;/span&gt;みみ） / mishearing&lt;br /&gt;c)&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt; から&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kara&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;空&lt;/span&gt;手 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;から&lt;/span&gt;て） / Karate   &lt;/p&gt; d) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;あく&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;aku&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 手が&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;空&lt;/span&gt;く （てが&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;あく&lt;/span&gt;） / be free&lt;br /&gt;e) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;あける&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;akeru&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 席を&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;空&lt;/span&gt;ける （せきを&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;あける&lt;/span&gt;） / make room&lt;br /&gt;f) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;すく&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;suku&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;18. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;月&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;the moon&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a month&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ゲツ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;getsu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;月&lt;/span&gt;曜日 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;げつ&lt;/span&gt;ようび） / Monday&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ガツ&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;gatsu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 生年&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;月&lt;/span&gt;日 （せいねん&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;がっ&lt;/span&gt;ぴ） / the date of birth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;つき&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;tsuki&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;月&lt;/span&gt;明かり （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;つき&lt;/span&gt;あかり） / moonlight, moon light&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;19. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;犬&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a dog&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;a spy&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ケン&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ken&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 盲導&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;犬&lt;/span&gt; （もうどう&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;けん&lt;/span&gt;） / a seeing-eye dog, a guide dog&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;いぬ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;inu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 子&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;犬&lt;/span&gt; （こ&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;いぬ&lt;/span&gt;） / a puppy, a pup, a whelp    &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;20. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" &gt;見&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;watch&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;see&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;look&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;show&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;behold&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;view&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;regard&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;read&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ケン&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ken&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;見&lt;/span&gt;学する （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;けん&lt;/span&gt;がくする） / visit, look on, observe&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;みる&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;miru&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. アニメ映画を&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;見&lt;/span&gt;る（あにめえいがを&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;みる&lt;/span&gt;） / watch an animated film&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;みえる&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;mieru&lt;/span&gt;)   &lt;/p&gt; d) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;みせる&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;miseru&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Speech examples can be found at the &lt;a href="http://www.saiga-jp.com/kanji_dictionary.html"&gt;Japanese Kanji Dictionary&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Stroke order can be found at the &lt;a href="http://japanese.about.com/library/blkodarchives.htm"&gt;Kanji Land&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First Class (20/80 signs): &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;一右雨円王&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;音下火花貝&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;学気休玉金九空月犬見&lt;/span&gt;五口校左三山四子糸字耳七車手十出女小上森人水正生青石赤先千川早草足村大男竹中虫町天田土二日入年白八百文本名木目夕立力林六&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-9126625701927979036?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/9126625701927979036/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=9126625701927979036' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/9126625701927979036'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/9126625701927979036'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/kanji-day-110508.html' title='A Kanji - A Day (11.05.08)'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-8786288094437411863</id><published>2008-05-11T11:11:00.004+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-11T11:22:58.704+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Point of Interest 11. May, 2008</title><content type='html'>Only two good articles today. Try the game, it's fun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. "A new game, named Foldit, turns protein folding into a competitive sport. Introductory levels teach the rules, which are the same laws of physics by which protein strands curl and twist into three-dimensional shapes – key for biological mysteries ranging from Alzheimer's to vaccines."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://bayblab.blogspot.com/2008/05/who-wants-to-solve-protein-structure.html"&gt;Who Wants to Solve a Protein Structure?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. "The technology, which comes from a Japanese firm called Sagawa Advance, is sufficiently accurate to be able to tell identical twins apart – a massive advance on current technologies [...]"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="storytitle"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.digitalworldtokyo.com/index.php/digital_tokyo/articles/biometric_face_scanner_tells_identical_twins_apart/?phpMyAdmin=9f2c47d95a10t463e8aa4&amp;amp;phpMyAdmin=GfpbiiC0yOKLccB%2C1ajOK9%2Cvwa0" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Biometric face scanner tells identical twins apart"&gt;Biometric face scanner tells identical twins apart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-8786288094437411863?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/8786288094437411863/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=8786288094437411863' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8786288094437411863'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8786288094437411863'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/point-of-interest-11-may-2008.html' title='Point of Interest 11. May, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-4493319500080581633</id><published>2008-05-10T09:19:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-13T13:23:54.470+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Japanese Language'/><title type='text'>A Kanji - A Day (10.05.08)</title><content type='html'>Here we go with the next five Kanji. Number seven is interesting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. &lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" &gt;音&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;sound&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;noise&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;music&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;a) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;オン&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;on&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;音&lt;/span&gt;楽 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;おん&lt;/span&gt;がく） / music&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;イン&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 福&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;音&lt;/span&gt; （ふく&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;いん&lt;/span&gt;） / the Gospel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;おと&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;oto&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;音&lt;/span&gt;沙汰がない （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;おと&lt;/span&gt;さたがない） / have heard no news&lt;br /&gt;d) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ね&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ne&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;音&lt;/span&gt;色 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ね&lt;/span&gt;いろ） / timbre, a tone&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" &gt;下&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;bottom&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;under&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;underneath&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;low&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;go down&lt;/span&gt;", "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;fall&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;drop&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;On-Yomi&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;カ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ka&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;下&lt;/span&gt;降する （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;か&lt;/span&gt;こうする） / fall, go down, drop, descend&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ゲ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ge&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;下&lt;/span&gt;品な会話 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;げ&lt;/span&gt;ひんなかいわ） / vulgar conversation, a coarse talk&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;した&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;shita&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;下&lt;/span&gt;心 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;した&lt;/span&gt;ごころ） / a secret intention, an ulterior motive&lt;br /&gt;d) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;しも&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;shimo&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;下&lt;/span&gt;座 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;しも&lt;/span&gt;ざ） / the seat furthest from the seat of honor&lt;br /&gt;e) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;もと&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;moto&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 太陽の&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;下&lt;/span&gt;で （たいようの&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;もと&lt;/span&gt;で） / under the sun&lt;br /&gt;f) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;さがる&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;sagaru&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 一歩&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;下がる &lt;/span&gt;（いっぽ&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;さがる&lt;/span&gt;） / take a step backward&lt;br /&gt;g) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;さげる&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;sageru&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 頭を&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;下げる&lt;/span&gt; （あたまを&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;さげる&lt;/span&gt;） / apologize&lt;br /&gt;h) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;くだる&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kudaru&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 川を&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;下る&lt;/span&gt; （かわを&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;くだる&lt;/span&gt;） / go down a river&lt;br /&gt;i) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;くだす&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kudasu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 命令を&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;下す &lt;/span&gt;（めいれいを&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;くだす&lt;/span&gt;） / issue orders,&lt;br /&gt;j) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;くださる &lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kudasaru&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 窓を開けて&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;下さる&lt;/span&gt;？ （まどをあけて&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;くださる&lt;/span&gt;） / Could you open the window, please?&lt;br /&gt;k) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;おろす &lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;orosu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 預金を&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;下ろす &lt;/span&gt;（よきんを&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;おろす&lt;/span&gt;） / withdraw one's savings&lt;br /&gt;l) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;おりる &lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;oriru&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 山を&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;下りる &lt;/span&gt;（やまを&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;おりる&lt;/span&gt;） / descend the mountain, go down the mountain&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" &gt;火&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;fire&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;flame&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;カ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ou&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;火&lt;/span&gt;曜日 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;か&lt;/span&gt;ようび） / Tuesday&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;コ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ko&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;火&lt;/span&gt;たつ （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;こ&lt;/span&gt;たつ） / a Japanese foot warmer&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kun-Yomi :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ひ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;hi&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;火&lt;/span&gt;花 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ひ&lt;/span&gt;ばな） / a spark&lt;br /&gt;d) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ほ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;h0&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;火&lt;/span&gt;照る （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ほ&lt;/span&gt;てる） / feel hot, flush, be all aglow&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" &gt;花&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;flower&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;On-Yomi:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;カ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ka&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;花&lt;/span&gt;瓶 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;か&lt;/span&gt;びん） / a vase&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kun-Yomi:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;はな&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;hana&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;花&lt;/span&gt;嫁 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;はな&lt;/span&gt;よめ） / a bride&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" &gt;貝&lt;/span&gt;  means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;shellfish&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kun-Yomi:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;かい&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;kai&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;貝&lt;/span&gt;殻 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;かい&lt;/span&gt;がら） / a seashell, a sea shell&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Speech examples can be found at the &lt;a href="http://www.saiga-jp.com/kanji_dictionary.html"&gt;Japanese Kanji Dictionary&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Stroke order can be found at the &lt;a href="http://japanese.about.com/library/blkodarchives.htm"&gt;Kanji Land&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First Class (10/80 signs): &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;一右雨円王&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;音下火花貝&lt;/span&gt;学気休玉金九空月犬見五口校左三山四子糸字耳七車手十出女小上森人水正生青石赤先千川早草足村大男竹中虫町天田土二日入年白八百文本名木目夕立力林六&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-4493319500080581633?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/4493319500080581633/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=4493319500080581633' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4493319500080581633'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4493319500080581633'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/kanji-day-100508.html' title='A Kanji - A Day (10.05.08)'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-4260319444963322634</id><published>2008-05-09T11:06:00.005+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-13T13:23:47.351+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Japanese Language'/><title type='text'>A Kanji - A Day (09.05.08)</title><content type='html'>Let me start with the first five signs:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;一&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;On-Yomi&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;a)&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt; イチ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ichi&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;一&lt;/span&gt;月 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;いち&lt;/span&gt;がつ） / January&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;イツ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;itsu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;一&lt;/span&gt;気に （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;いっ&lt;/span&gt;きに） / at a breath, at a stretch, at a stroke, at a dash, nonstop&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ひと&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;hito&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;strong style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;一&lt;/strong&gt;言も言わずに （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ひと&lt;/span&gt;こともいわずに） / without a word, in silence&lt;br /&gt;d) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ひと&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;つ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;hitotsu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;一&lt;/span&gt;つ （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ひとつ&lt;/span&gt;） / one, a piece&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" &gt;右&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;right&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;On-Yomi&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ウ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;右&lt;/span&gt;折車線 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;う&lt;/span&gt;せつしゃせん） / the lane for turning to the right&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ユウ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;yuu&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 左&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;右&lt;/span&gt; （さ&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ゆう&lt;/span&gt;） / right and left&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;みぎ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;migi&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;右&lt;/span&gt;手（&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;みぎ&lt;/span&gt;て） / the right hand&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" &gt;雨&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;rain&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;On-Yomi&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;ウ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;雨&lt;/span&gt;季 （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;う&lt;/span&gt;き） / the rainy season&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;あめ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ame&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;雨&lt;/span&gt;が降りそう （&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;あめ&lt;/span&gt;がふりそう） / It looks like rain.&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;あま &lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ama&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;雨&lt;/span&gt;雲（&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;あま&lt;/span&gt;ぐも） / a rain cloud&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" &gt;円&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;circle&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;yen&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;On-Yomi&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;a) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;エン&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;en&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;円&lt;/span&gt;満（&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;えん&lt;/span&gt;まん） / peaceful, harmonious&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;b) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;つぶら&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;tsubura&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;円&lt;/span&gt;らな瞳（&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;つぶら&lt;/span&gt;なひとみ） / beady eyes&lt;br /&gt;c) &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;まる&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;い&lt;/span&gt;) (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;maru&lt;/span&gt;[&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" &gt;王&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;king&lt;/span&gt;" or "&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;prince&lt;/span&gt;" and is read:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;On-Yomi&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;オウ&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ou&lt;/span&gt;), e.g. 女&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;王&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;（じょ&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;おう&lt;/span&gt;） / Queen&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Speech examples can be found at the &lt;a href="http://www.saiga-jp.com/kanji_dictionary.html"&gt;Japanese Kanji Dictionary&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Stroke order can be found at the &lt;a href="http://japanese.about.com/library/blkodarchives.htm"&gt;Kanji Land&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First Class (5/80 signs): &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;一右雨円王&lt;/span&gt;音下火花貝学気休玉金九空月犬見五口校左三山四子糸字耳七車手十出女小上森人水正生青石赤先千川早草足村大男竹中虫町天田土二日入年白八百文本名木目夕立力林六&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-4260319444963322634?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/4260319444963322634/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=4260319444963322634' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4260319444963322634'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4260319444963322634'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/kanji-day-090508.html' title='A Kanji - A Day (09.05.08)'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-8249905141792253877</id><published>2008-05-09T09:39:00.010+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-13T13:23:41.034+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Japanese Language'/><title type='text'>Japanese Language Project</title><content type='html'>For years I've been trying to learn Japanese. Yesterday I, finally, managed to learn the Hiragana and Katakana writing system.  The &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Hiragana&lt;/span&gt;, which consists of 48 symbols, is used for grammatical morphemes in Japanese since it's an agglutinating language. The order of the single strokes are very important but the system is quite logical. You have 4 vocals and you add consonants. You have two diacritics which alters the phoneme from fortis to lenis (&lt;span class="lang" lang="ja-Jpan"&gt; ゛&lt;/span&gt;) or ( ゜) which converts the /h/ to a /p/:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="#becfeb" valign="top"&gt;Vocals&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td colspan="3" bg="" style="color: rgb(212, 212, 212);" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Yôon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#becfeb" valign="top"&gt; &lt;th&gt;あ &lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;い &lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;う &lt;i&gt;u&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;え &lt;i&gt;e&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;お &lt;i&gt;o&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#d4d4d4"&gt;(&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;ya&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#d4d4d4"&gt;(&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;yu&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#d4d4d4"&gt;(&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;yo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="text-align: center;" colspan="8"&gt;Consonants are added:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;か &lt;i&gt;ka&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;き &lt;i&gt;ki&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;く &lt;i&gt;ku&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;け &lt;i&gt;ke&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;こ &lt;i&gt;ko&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;きゃ &lt;i&gt;kya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;きゅ &lt;i&gt;kyu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;きょ &lt;i&gt;kyo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;さ &lt;i&gt;sa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;し &lt;i&gt;shi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;す &lt;i&gt;su&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;せ &lt;i&gt;se&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;そ &lt;i&gt;so&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;しゃ &lt;i&gt;sha&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;しゅ &lt;i&gt;shu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;しょ &lt;i&gt;sho&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;た &lt;i&gt;ta&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ち &lt;i&gt;chi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;つ &lt;i&gt;tsu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;て &lt;i&gt;te&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;と &lt;i&gt;to&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ちゃ &lt;i&gt;cha&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ちゅ &lt;i&gt;chu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ちょ &lt;i&gt;cho&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;な &lt;i&gt;na&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;に &lt;i&gt;ni&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ぬ &lt;i&gt;nu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ね &lt;i&gt;ne&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;の &lt;i&gt;no&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;にゃ &lt;i&gt;nya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;にゅ &lt;i&gt;nyu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;にょ &lt;i&gt;nyo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;は &lt;i&gt;ha&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ひ &lt;i&gt;hi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ふ &lt;i&gt;fu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;へ &lt;i&gt;he&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ほ &lt;i&gt;ho&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ひゃ &lt;i&gt;hya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ひゅ &lt;i&gt;hyu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ひょ &lt;i&gt;hyo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;ま &lt;i&gt;ma&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;み &lt;i&gt;mi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;む &lt;i&gt;mu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;め &lt;i&gt;me&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;も &lt;i&gt;mo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;みゃ &lt;i&gt;mya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;みゅ &lt;i&gt;myu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;みょ &lt;i&gt;myo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;や &lt;i&gt;ya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ゆ &lt;i&gt;yu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;よ &lt;i&gt;yo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td colspan="3" bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;ら &lt;i&gt;ra&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;り &lt;i&gt;ri&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;る &lt;i&gt;ru&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;れ &lt;i&gt;re&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ろ &lt;i&gt;ro&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;りゃ &lt;i&gt;rya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;りゅ &lt;i&gt;ryu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;りょ &lt;i&gt;ryo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;わ &lt;i&gt;wa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;(ゐ &lt;i&gt;wi&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;(ゑ &lt;i&gt;we&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;を &lt;i&gt;o/wo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td colspan="3" bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td colspan="4" bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ん &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td colspan="3" bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="text-align: center;" colspan="8"&gt;Modified with a diacritic they become:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;が &lt;i&gt;ga&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ぎ &lt;i&gt;gi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ぐ &lt;i&gt;gu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;げ &lt;i&gt;ge&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ご &lt;i&gt;go&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ぎゃ &lt;i&gt;gya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ぎゅ &lt;i&gt;gyu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ぎょ &lt;i&gt;gyo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;ざ &lt;i&gt;za&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;じ &lt;i&gt;ji&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ず &lt;i&gt;zu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ぜ &lt;i&gt;ze&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ぞ &lt;i&gt;zo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;じゃ &lt;i&gt;ja&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;じゅ &lt;i&gt;ju&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;じょ &lt;i&gt;jo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;だ &lt;i&gt;da&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ぢ &lt;i&gt;(ji)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;づ &lt;i&gt;(zu)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;で &lt;i&gt;de&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ど &lt;i&gt;do&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ぢゃ &lt;i&gt;(ja)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ぢゅ &lt;i&gt;(ju)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ぢょ &lt;i&gt;(jo)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;ば &lt;i&gt;ba&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;び &lt;i&gt;bi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ぶ &lt;i&gt;bu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;べ &lt;i&gt;be&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ぼ &lt;i&gt;bo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;びゃ &lt;i&gt;bya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;びゅ &lt;i&gt;byu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;びょ &lt;i&gt;byo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;ぱ &lt;i&gt;pa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ぴ &lt;i&gt;pi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ぷ &lt;i&gt;pu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ぺ &lt;i&gt;pe&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ぽ &lt;i&gt;po&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ぴゃ &lt;i&gt;pya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ぴゅ &lt;i&gt;pyu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ぴょ &lt;i&gt;pyo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Source: &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana"&gt;Wikipedia.de&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The same structure applies to &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Katakana&lt;/span&gt;, 48 symbols - 2 diacritics, which is used for foreign words. Katakana doesn't look as soft as Hiragana:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="#becfeb" valign="top"&gt;Vokale&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#d4d4d4"&gt;&lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Don" class="mw-redirect" title="Yōon"&gt;yōon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#becfeb" valign="top"&gt; &lt;th&gt;ア &lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;イ &lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;ウ &lt;i&gt;u&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;エ &lt;i&gt;e&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;オ &lt;i&gt;o&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th bgcolor="#d4d4d4"&gt;ャ &lt;i&gt;ya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th bgcolor="#d4d4d4"&gt;ュ &lt;i&gt;yu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th bgcolor="#d4d4d4"&gt;ョ &lt;i&gt;yo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="8"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;カ &lt;i&gt;ka&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;キ &lt;i&gt;ki&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ク &lt;i&gt;ku&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ケ &lt;i&gt;ke&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;コ &lt;i&gt;ko&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;キャ &lt;i&gt;kya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;キュ &lt;i&gt;kyu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;キョ &lt;i&gt;kyo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;サ &lt;i&gt;sa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;シ &lt;i&gt;shi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ス &lt;i&gt;su&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;セ &lt;i&gt;se&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ソ &lt;i&gt;so&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;シャ &lt;i&gt;sha&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;シュ &lt;i&gt;shu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ショ &lt;i&gt;sho&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;タ &lt;i&gt;ta&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;チ &lt;i&gt;chi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ツ &lt;i&gt;tsu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;テ &lt;i&gt;te&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ト &lt;i&gt;to&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;チャ &lt;i&gt;cha&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;チュ &lt;i&gt;chu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;チョ &lt;i&gt;cho&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;ナ &lt;i&gt;na&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ニ &lt;i&gt;ni&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ヌ &lt;i&gt;nu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ネ &lt;i&gt;ne&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ノ &lt;i&gt;no&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ニャ &lt;i&gt;nya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ニュ &lt;i&gt;nyu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ニョ &lt;i&gt;nyo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;ハ &lt;i&gt;ha&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ヒ &lt;i&gt;hi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;フ &lt;i&gt;fu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ヘ &lt;i&gt;he&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ホ &lt;i&gt;ho&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ヒャ &lt;i&gt;hya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ヒュ &lt;i&gt;hyu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ヒョ &lt;i&gt;hyo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;マ &lt;i&gt;ma&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ミ &lt;i&gt;mi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ム &lt;i&gt;mu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;メ &lt;i&gt;me&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;モ &lt;i&gt;mo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ミャ &lt;i&gt;mya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ミュ &lt;i&gt;myu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ミョ &lt;i&gt;myo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;ヤ &lt;i&gt;ya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ユ &lt;i&gt;yu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ヨ &lt;i&gt;yo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;ラ &lt;i&gt;ra&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;リ &lt;i&gt;ri&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ル &lt;i&gt;ru&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;レ &lt;i&gt;re&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ロ &lt;i&gt;ro&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;リャ &lt;i&gt;rya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;リュ &lt;i&gt;ryu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;リョ &lt;i&gt;ryo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;ワ &lt;i&gt;wa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;(ヰ) &lt;i&gt;wi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;(ヱ) &lt;i&gt;we&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ヲ &lt;i&gt;wo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ン &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#e9e9e9"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;ガ &lt;i&gt;ga&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ギ &lt;i&gt;gi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;グ &lt;i&gt;gu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ゲ &lt;i&gt;ge&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ゴ &lt;i&gt;go&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ギャ &lt;i&gt;gya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ギュ &lt;i&gt;gyu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ギョ &lt;i&gt;gyo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;ザ &lt;i&gt;za&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ジ &lt;i&gt;ji&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ズ &lt;i&gt;zu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ゼ &lt;i&gt;ze&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ゾ &lt;i&gt;zo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ジャ &lt;i&gt;ja&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ジュ &lt;i&gt;ju&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ジョ &lt;i&gt;jo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;ダ &lt;i&gt;da&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ヂ (&lt;i&gt;ji&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ヅ (&lt;i&gt;zu&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;デ &lt;i&gt;de&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ド &lt;i&gt;do&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ヂャ (&lt;i&gt;ja&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ヂュ (&lt;i&gt;ju&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ヂョ (&lt;i&gt;jo&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;バ &lt;i&gt;ba&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ビ &lt;i&gt;bi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ブ &lt;i&gt;bu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ベ &lt;i&gt;be&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ボ &lt;i&gt;bo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ビャ &lt;i&gt;bya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ビュ &lt;i&gt;byu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ビョ &lt;i&gt;byo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr align="center" bgcolor="#e7f5de" valign="top"&gt; &lt;td&gt;パ &lt;i&gt;pa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ピ &lt;i&gt;pi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;プ &lt;i&gt;pu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ペ &lt;i&gt;pe&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ポ &lt;i&gt;po&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ピャ &lt;i&gt;pya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ピュ &lt;i&gt;pyu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td bgcolor="#f3f5de"&gt;ピョ &lt;i&gt;pyo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Source: &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakana"&gt;Wikipedia.de&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From today on I will try to learn &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kanji&lt;/span&gt;. Kanji are used as nouns and verb roots and there are a lot of them - 50'000 thousand and each has 2 to 12 different pronunciations. They normally have a &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;On-Yomi&lt;/span&gt; (Chinese reading) and a &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kun-Yomi&lt;/span&gt; (Japanese Reading). Fortunately, there are the so called 1,945 Jôyô Kanji which Japanese kids have to learn until graduation from secondary school and which are absolutely essential. Many newspapers and officials only use these Kanji. If others are used, they have to be written in &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Furigana&lt;/span&gt;. Furigana are small Kana (Hiragana and/or Katakana) written above the Kanji. And at last, they can be expressed in Latin letters, which is called &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Rômaji&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;I will start from the first class and will work my way up to the middle school. According to my calculation it will take me 1,945 days or 5,3 years to learn all these Kanji. Since I don't have 5 years time to learn Japanese, I will learn two or more Kanji a day - which depends on the difficulty.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Jôyô-Kanji list:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First Class (80 signs): 一右雨円王音下火花貝学気休玉金九空月犬見五口校左三山四子糸字耳七車手十出女小上森人水正生青石赤先千川早草足村大男竹中虫町天田土二日入年白八百文本名木目夕立力林六&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Second Class (160 signs): 引羽雲園遠黄何夏家科歌画会回海絵外角楽活間丸岩顔帰汽記弓牛魚京強教近兄形計元原言古戸午後語交光公工広考行高合国黒今才細作算姉市思止紙寺時自室社弱 首秋週春書少場色食心新親図数星晴声西切雪線船前組走多太体台谷知地池茶昼朝長鳥直通弟店点電冬刀東当答頭同道読内南肉馬買売麦半番父風分聞米歩母方北妹 毎万明鳴毛門夜野矢友曜用来理里話&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Third Class (200 signs): 悪安暗委意医育員飲院運泳駅横屋温化荷界開階寒感漢館岸期起客宮急球究級去橋業局曲銀区苦具君係軽決血研県庫湖向幸港号根祭坂皿仕使始指死詩歯事持次式実 写者主取守酒受州拾終習集住重宿所暑助勝商昭消章乗植深申真神身進世整昔全想相送息速族他打対待代第題炭短談着柱注丁帳調追定庭笛鉄転登都度島投湯等豆動 童農波配倍箱畑発反板悲皮美鼻筆氷表病秒品夫負部服福物平返勉放味命面問役薬油有由遊予様洋羊葉陽落流旅両緑礼列練路和&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fourth Class (200 signs): 愛案以位囲胃衣印栄英塩央億加果課貨芽改械害街各覚完官管観関願喜器希旗機季紀議救求泣給挙漁競共協鏡極訓軍郡型径景芸欠結健建験固候功好康航告差最菜材 昨刷察札殺参散産残司史士氏試児治辞失借種周祝順初唱松焼照省笑象賞信臣成清静席積折節説戦浅選然倉巣争側束続卒孫帯隊達単置仲貯兆腸低停底的典伝徒努灯 働堂得特毒熱念敗梅博飯費飛必標票不付府副粉兵別変辺便包法望牧末満未脈民無約勇要養浴利陸料良量輪類令例冷歴連労老録&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fifth Class (185 signs): 圧易移因営永衛液益演往応恩仮価可河過賀解快格確額刊幹慣眼基寄規技義逆久旧居許境興均禁句群経潔件券検険減現限個故護効厚構耕講鉱混査再妻採災際在罪財 桜雑賛酸師志支枝資飼似示識質舎謝授修術述準序承招証常情条状織職制勢性政精製税績責接設絶舌銭祖素総像増造則測属損態貸退団断築張提程敵適統導銅徳独任 燃能破判版犯比肥非備俵評貧婦富布武復複仏編弁保墓報豊暴貿防務夢迷綿輸余預容率略留領&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sixth Class (181 signs): 異遺域宇映延沿我灰拡閣革割株巻干看簡危揮机貴疑吸供胸郷勤筋敬系警劇激穴憲権絹厳源呼己誤后孝皇紅鋼降刻穀骨困砂座済裁策冊蚕姿私至視詞誌磁射捨尺若樹 収宗就衆従縦縮熟純処署諸除傷将障城蒸針仁垂推寸盛聖誠宣専泉洗染善創奏層操窓装臓蔵存尊宅担探誕暖段値宙忠著庁潮頂賃痛展党糖討届難乳認納脳派俳拝背肺 班晩否批秘腹奮並閉陛片補暮宝訪亡忘棒枚幕密盟模訳優郵幼欲翌乱卵覧裏律臨朗論&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Middle School (939 signs): 亜哀握扱依偉威尉慰為維緯違井壱逸稲芋姻陰隠韻渦浦影詠鋭疫悦謁越閲宴援炎煙猿縁鉛汚凹奥押欧殴翁沖憶乙卸穏佳嫁寡暇架禍稼箇華菓蚊雅餓介塊壊怪悔懐戒拐 皆劾慨概涯該垣嚇核殻獲穫較郭隔岳掛潟喝括渇滑褐轄且刈乾冠勘勧喚堪寛患憾換敢棺款歓汗環甘監緩缶肝艦貫還鑑閑陥含頑企奇岐幾忌既棋棄祈軌輝飢騎鬼偽儀宜 戯擬欺犠菊吉喫詰却脚虐丘及朽窮糾巨拒拠虚距享凶叫峡恐恭挟況狂狭矯脅響驚仰凝暁斤琴緊菌襟謹吟駆愚虞偶遇隅屈掘靴繰桑勲薫傾刑啓契恵慶憩掲携渓継茎蛍鶏 迎鯨撃傑倹兼剣圏堅嫌懸献肩謙賢軒遣顕幻弦玄孤弧枯誇雇顧鼓互呉娯御悟碁侯坑孔巧恒慌抗拘控攻更江洪溝甲硬稿絞綱肯荒衡貢購郊酵項香剛拷豪克酷獄腰込墾婚 恨懇昆紺魂佐唆詐鎖債催宰彩栽歳砕斎載剤咲崎削搾索錯撮擦傘惨桟暫伺刺嗣施旨祉紫肢脂諮賜雌侍慈滋璽軸執湿漆疾芝赦斜煮遮蛇邪勺爵酌釈寂朱殊狩珠趣儒寿需 囚愁秀臭舟襲酬醜充柔汁渋獣銃叔淑粛塾俊瞬准循旬殉潤盾巡遵庶緒叙徐償匠升召奨宵尚床彰抄掌昇晶沼渉焦症硝礁祥称粧紹肖衝訟詔詳鐘丈冗剰壌嬢浄畳譲醸錠嘱 飾殖触辱伸侵唇娠寝審慎振浸紳薪診辛震刃尋甚尽迅陣酢吹帥炊睡粋衰遂酔錘随髄崇枢据杉澄瀬畝是姓征牲誓請逝斉隻惜斥析籍跡拙摂窃仙占扇栓潜旋繊薦践遷銑鮮 漸禅繕塑措疎礎租粗訴阻僧双喪壮捜掃挿曹槽燥荘葬藻遭霜騒憎贈促即俗賊堕妥惰駄耐怠替泰滞胎袋逮滝卓択拓沢濯託濁諾但奪脱棚丹嘆淡端胆鍛壇弾恥痴稚致遅畜 蓄逐秩窒嫡抽衷鋳駐弔彫徴懲挑眺聴脹超跳勅朕沈珍鎮陳津墜塚漬坪釣亭偵貞呈堤帝廷抵締艇訂逓邸泥摘滴哲徹撤迭添殿吐塗斗渡途奴怒倒凍唐塔悼搭桃棟盗痘筒到 謄踏逃透陶騰闘洞胴峠匿督篤凸突屯豚曇鈍縄軟尼弐如尿妊忍寧猫粘悩濃把覇婆廃排杯輩培媒賠陪伯拍泊舶薄迫漠爆縛肌鉢髪伐罰抜閥伴帆搬畔繁般藩販範煩頒盤蛮 卑妃彼扉披泌疲碑罷被避尾微匹姫漂描苗浜賓頻敏瓶怖扶敷普浮符腐膚譜賦赴附侮舞封伏幅覆払沸噴墳憤紛雰丙併塀幣弊柄壁癖偏遍舗捕穂募慕簿倣俸奉峰崩抱泡砲 縫胞芳褒邦飽乏傍剖坊妨帽忙房某冒紡肪膨謀僕墨撲朴没堀奔翻凡盆摩磨魔麻埋膜又抹繭慢漫魅岬妙眠矛霧婿娘銘滅免茂妄猛盲網耗黙戻紋匁厄躍柳愉癒諭唯幽悠憂 猶裕誘雄融与誉庸揚揺擁溶窯謡踊抑翼羅裸頼雷絡酪欄濫吏履痢離硫粒隆竜慮虜了僚寮涼猟療糧陵倫厘隣塁涙累励鈴隷零霊麗齢暦劣烈裂廉恋錬炉露廊楼浪漏郎賄惑 枠湾腕&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-8249905141792253877?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/8249905141792253877/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=8249905141792253877' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8249905141792253877'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8249905141792253877'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/kanji-of-day.html' title='Japanese Language Project'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-8723955575465244684</id><published>2008-05-09T09:06:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-09T09:29:22.226+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 09. May, 2008</title><content type='html'>1. Women should use their intelligence to aid their husbands. A truly beautiful article from the Treasury of women's morality (1894):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://no-sword.jp/blog/2008/05/intelligence_for_women.html"&gt;Intelligence for women&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Neurolaw will be an upcoming field of study in my opinion. What we are going to do if scientists tells us that we have no free will? Who is to blame for crimes? Our brain?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/05/perceived_moral_blame_can_chan.php"&gt;Perceived moral blame can change the memory of a crime&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Epimenides was a Cretan who made one immortal statement: "All Cretans are liars."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/05/when_is_it_okay_to_lie_teens_a.php"&gt;When is it okay to lie? Teens answer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.  "Research by NTT DoCoMo Research Laboratories has shown that the human pupil carries a slight positive charge, compared to the more negative white part of the eye. [...] The human eye has the properties of a battery."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.digitalworldtokyo.com/index.php/digital_tokyo/articles/electrical_eyeballs_controlling_our_gadgets/"&gt;Electrical eyeballs controlling our gadgets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. "[...] the earliest predictive information is encoded [...], up to 10 seconds before it enters awareness [...], presumably reflecting the operation of a network of high-level control areas that begin to prepare an upcoming decision."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/05/our-brains-can-choose-our-actions-10.html"&gt;Our brains can choose our actions 10 sec before awareness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-8723955575465244684?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/8723955575465244684/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=8723955575465244684' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8723955575465244684'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8723955575465244684'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/points-of-interest-09-may-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 09. May, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-4670278011329658337</id><published>2008-05-08T10:07:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-08T12:05:46.989+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='About'/><title type='text'>Lachender Mann</title><content type='html'>Wer ist eigentlich dieser Laughing Man?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um das zu erfahren, muss man in die Untiefen des menschlichen Ekels steigen und sich selbst hinterfragen, denn es ist die tiefste Schwärze, welche auf einen wartet. Brennende Asche und Vernichtung selbst ist das Saatgut der Seele, welche hier schreibt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nun, so schlimm ist es noch nicht, aber man merkt schon, dass ich einen leichten Hang zu poetischer Übertreibung habe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ich studiere noch Anglistik und Germanistik auf Lehramt an der Universität in Heidelberg. Wie man meinen unzähligen &lt;a href="http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/laughing-man.html"&gt;Hasstiraden&lt;/a&gt; entnehmen kann, bin ich damit nicht ganz so zufrieden. Ich würde viel lieber in einem dunklen Zimmer mit meiner Nickelbrille sitzen und obskure Theorien entwerfen, so wie Chomsky, anstatt mit all den groovy (sagt man das noch?) Lehrämtlern abzufeiern.&lt;br /&gt;Ich bin ein Linguistik und Computer Geek und interessiere mich für all die netten kleinen Randerscheidungen der Wissenschaft. Je mehr variablen und griechische Buchstaben eine Theorie hat, desto cooler muss sie sein, oder anders gesagt:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;∑ Φ ↵ ξ ∴Ω ⊃        Δ = ♥&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ja, ich neige zum Sarkasmus. Und deswegen - also wegen der griechischen Buchstaben, nicht wegen des Sarkasmus - werde ich wohl, ab dem Wintersemester, Computerlinguistik studieren. Ich hoffe, dass ich dabei meine beiden Lieben miteinander verbinden kann. Informatik - ich habe Monkey Island gespielt als es rauskam, bin ich ein Nerd oder bin ich ein Nerd? Und ja, Monkey Island spielen macht mich zum Informatikexperten - und eben Linguistik. Allerdings steht noch die Frage offen wo ich das ganze studieren werde. Es steht folgendes zur Auswahl:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cl.uni-heidelberg.de/"&gt;Computerlinguistik Heidelberg&lt;/a&gt;: Der Vorteil wäre zunächst einmal, dass ich schon 2-3 Jahre in Heidelberg studiert habe und mich dementsprechend auskenne, ausserdem könnte ich mir Teile meines Anglistik Studiums anrechnen lassen, da ich - im Nebenfach - englische Sprachwissenschaft studieren würde. Ausserdem scheinen mir die Dozenten ganz entspannt und nett zu sein, allerdings gibt es mal wieder eine Eignungsprüfung.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/"&gt;Computerlinguistik Saarbrücken&lt;/a&gt;: Das Saarland ist nun nicht so meine Vorstellung, aber der Abschluss ist immerhin B.Sc. und die Computerlinguistik in Saarbrücken scheint einen guten Ruf zu haben.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/fb/fb10/KogLi/index.html"&gt;Kognitive Linguistik Frankfurt am Main&lt;/a&gt;: Man kann sich dort den Schwerpunkt Computerlinguistik aussuchen. Ich denke, dass der Anteil an allgemeiner Sprachwissenschaft sehr groß sein dürfte, aber kognitive Linguistik ist schon ein sehr interessantes Gebiet. Ausserdem wäre das Nebenfach wahrscheinlich auch nicht mein Fall und Lehrämtlern dürfen soweit ich weiß mitstudieren.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ikw.uni-osnabrueck.de/"&gt;Cognitive Science Osnabrück&lt;/a&gt;: Eigentlich nicht mein Ziel, da eine akademische Karriere wohl vorgezeichnet ist und ich gerne in der Industrie arbeiten möchte. Ausserdem besteht der Studiengang aus vielen anderen Fächern, wie Neurobiologie, was ich alles in allem zwar toll finde, aber das wäre mir dann doch zu wenig Linguistik.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-4670278011329658337?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/4670278011329658337/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=4670278011329658337' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4670278011329658337'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4670278011329658337'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/lachender-mann.html' title='Lachender Mann'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-1095975252386738031</id><published>2008-05-06T23:32:00.004+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-07T19:05:27.666+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Poetry'/><title type='text'>Einwortkampf</title><content type='html'>Ich will wahre Gefühle,&lt;br /&gt;ich will wahres Leben.&lt;br /&gt;Ich will spüren wie der Schmerz mich überwältigt,&lt;br /&gt;wie mein Hass mich verzehrt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ich scheiße auf eure falsche Toleranz und Nettigkeit hinter der ihr euch versteckt um keine Reibung zu erzeugen. Ihr in euren Polohemden, die ihr euch hedonistisch auf Drogen durchs Leben fickt. Euer Blick fordert mich heraus meine Faust zu erheben und mit berstender Gewalt euer Gesicht zu zerschmettern bis nur noch eine blutige Wolke aus Knochenfragementen bleibt. Mein Hass und meine Ablehnung ist stärker als jedes eurer konsumgeleiteten Gefühle. Ich komme aus den schwarzen Abgründen der Gesellschaft um eure marmornen Paläste zu stürzen. Wie eine Symphonie der Vergeltung könnte ich euer Leben hinwegwischen, denn ihr seid schwach; so schwach wie eure Persönlichkeit. Eine leere Hülse von einem Menschen, zusammengehalten vom Geld eurer Eltern. Ihr versteckt euch hinter Marc O'Polo, Gucci und Armani, doch im Grunde seid ihr weniger als nackt. Euren Wert messt ihr in Euro. Ihr studiert Jura oder BWL, weil ihr euch selbst nicht erkennen könnt und eure Interessen nur in der materiellen Welt liegen. Dabei erkennt ihr nicht die Vergänglichkeit. Ihr seid nichts aus dem nichts entstehen wird und ihr werdet ins Nichts vergehen. Am liebsten würde ich euch mit meinem Blut vollkotzen, auf dass ihr daran erstickt.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-1095975252386738031?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/1095975252386738031/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=1095975252386738031' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1095975252386738031'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1095975252386738031'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/ich-will-wahre-gefhle-ich-will-wahres.html' title='Einwortkampf'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-7576241776235215302</id><published>2008-05-06T12:29:00.006+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-31T12:19:42.594+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Foundations'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Logic'/><title type='text'>Aussagenlogik (Teil 1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Zunächst ein bisschen Humor, man wird ihn brauchen. Sei kein Pinguin - lern Logik:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://img137.imageshack.us/my.php?image=humorpenguinlogicdh1.jpg" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img137.imageshack.us/img137/2355/humorpenguinlogicdh1.th.jpg" alt="Free Image Hosting at www.ImageShack.us" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die Aussagenlogik überprüft eine atomare Aussage auf ihren Wahrheitsgehalt. Eine atomare Aussage ist eine strukturlose, abstrakte Elementaraussage, wie unten beschrieben. Eine Aussage kann wahr oder falsch sein - binär gesprochen 1 oder 0. Man merkt schon, dass die Aussagenlogik nicht den Anspruch erhebt natürlichsprachige Phänomene völlig abzudecken. Abstufungen werden nicht berücksichtigt, dafür gibt es die &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_Logik"&gt;Fuzzy Logic&lt;/a&gt;. Wofür ist also Logik gut? Dafür:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://img137.imageshack.us/my.php?image=introductiontomodallogiye2.png" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img137.imageshack.us/img137/442/introductiontomodallogiye2.th.png" alt="Free Image Hosting at www.ImageShack.us" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Es handelt sich eherum ein Formalismus, der zur semantischen Wahrheitswertzuweisung dient und uns, durch die Abstraktion, abhalten soll die Aussagen weiter zu zerlegen und zu interpretieren. Nehmen wir zwei Sätze:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(α) Der Mond dreht sich um die Erde.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(β) Die Erde ist eine Scheibe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Durch unsere Allgemeinbildung wissen wir, dass A wahr und B falsch ist. Daraus ergibt sich folgende Funktion:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;g: {A1, A2, A3, ... } → { 0, 1 }&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Natürlich könnten wir beide Aussagen mit einer Konjunktion (z.B. und bzw. oder) verbinden. In der Aussagenlogik gibt es auch solche Konjunktionen, sie heißen &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Junktoren&lt;/span&gt; und verbinden atomare Aussagen:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;¬ (Negation, sprich: nicht)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;∧ (Konjunktion, sprich: und)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;∨ (Disjunktion, sprich: oder)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;⇒ (Implikation, sprich: wenn, dann)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;⇔ (Äquijunktion, sprich: genau dann, wenn)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Im übrigen lassen sich alle Junktoren mittels ¬ und ∨ ausdrücken. Implikation und Äquijunktion sind einfach nur abgekürzte Schreibweisen, auf deren Herleitung ich nicht besonders eingehen will. Beschäftigen wir uns zunächst mit der &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Negation&lt;/span&gt;. Eine Aussage kann wahr sein, dann muss die Negation dieser Aussage falsch sein und umgekehrt, daraus lässt sich folgende Wahrheitstabelle erstellen, welche alle Möglichkeiten aufzeigt:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table align="center" border="1"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;α&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;¬α&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Konkret auf α und β bezogen:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(α) Der Mond dreht sich um die Erde = 1, also (¬α) Der Mond dreht sich nicht um die Erde = 0&lt;br /&gt;(β) Die Erde ist eine Scheibe = 0, also (¬β) Die Erde ist keine Scheibe = 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die allgemeingültige Formel dafür ist:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;I (¬&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;) = 1, falls I (&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;) = 0, sonst &lt;/span&gt;I (¬&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I ist die Interpretationsfunktion für die gilt:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;I (A&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;) = g (A&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dabei steht &lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ für die ein atomares Element der Funktion und &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ für ein anderes, unterschiedliches, Element der Funktion&lt;/span&gt;. Hier einmal die allgemeingültigen Regeln, welche wir später einzeln abhandeln wollen:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt; I (¬&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;) = 1, falls I (&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;) = 0, sonst &lt;/span&gt;I (¬&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; = 0&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt; I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ &lt;/span&gt;∧&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ)) = 1, falls I (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;) = 1 und I (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ) = 1, sonst &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ &lt;/span&gt;∧&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ)) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;= 0&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt; I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;∨&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;)) = 1, falls I (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;) = 1 oder I (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;) = 1, sonst &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;∨&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;)) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;= 0&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;4.&lt;/span&gt; I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;⇒&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;)) = 1, falls I (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;) = 0 oder I (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;) = 1, sonst &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;⇒&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;)) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;= 0&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;" class="unicode"&gt;5. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;⇔&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;)) = 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;, falls I (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;) = (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;), sonst &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;⇔&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;= 0&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Konkretisieren wir das, ab Punkt 2, mit den obigen Beispielen:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(α) Der Mond dreht sich um die Erde.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(β) Die Erde ist eine Scheibe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;2. Konjunktion&lt;/span&gt;: Der Mond dreht sich um die Erde und sie ist eine Scheibe. Diese Aussage ist falsch und das obwohl der erste Teil stimmt, aber der zweite Teil der Aussage ist falsch und somit auch die Gesamtaussage. Es müssen beim Junktor ∧ also alle Teilaussagen wahr sein. Daraus ergibt sich folgende Wahrheitswerttabelle:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table style="text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" border="1"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th style="text-align: center;"&gt;α&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style="text-align: center;"&gt;β&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;α ∧ β&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oder eben folgende allgemeingültige Formel:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ &lt;/span&gt;∧&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ)) = 1, falls I (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;) = 1 und I (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ) = 1, sonst &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ &lt;/span&gt;∧&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ)) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;= 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;3. Disjunktion&lt;/span&gt;: Der Mond dreht sich um die Erde oder die Erde ist eine Scheibe. Diese Gesamtaussage ist wahr, wenn mindestens eine Teilaussage wahr ist. Beachte, es handelt sich um ein nichtausschließendes Oder. Hier die Wahrheitswerttabelle:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table align="center" border="1"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;α&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;β&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;α ∨&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt; β&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Führt zu folgender Formel:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;∨&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;)) = 1, falls I (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;) = 1 oder I (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;) = 1, sonst &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;∨&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;)) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;= 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;4. Implikation&lt;/span&gt;: Hier stoßen wir auf ein natürlichsprachliches Problem. Lasset das allmächtige &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aussagenlogik#Materiale_Implikation"&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; sprechen:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Die Lesart „wenn … dann“ ist insofern problematisch, als mit dem natürlichsprachlichen „wenn … dann“ vor allem inhaltliche Zusammenhänge wie Kausalität oder zeitliche Nähe ausgedrückt werden. All das macht die materiale Implikation nicht, sie nennt nur den formalen Zusammenhang: „Dass es regnet, ist eine hinreichende Bedingung dafür, dass die Straße nass ist“. Zur Frage, &lt;i&gt;warum&lt;/i&gt; das eine hinreichende Bedingung ist – ob auf Grund eines kausalen Zusammenhangs oder auch nur rein zufällig –, nimmt die materiale Implikation nicht Stellung&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mit unseren obigen Aussagen mag das vielleicht ein Problem sein, deswegen bedienen wir uns den Beispielen von Wikipedia:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(γ) Es regnet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(δ) Die Straße ist nass.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beginnen wir diesmal mit der Wahrheitswerttabelle für die Formel:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;⇒&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;)) = 1, falls I (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;) = 0 oder I (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;) = 1, sonst &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;⇒&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;)) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;= 0, daraus folgt für unsere Beispiele:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table align="center" border="1"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;γ&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;δ&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;γ ⇒ δ&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Das heißt für uns, wenn es regnet, ist die Straße nass und wenn die Straße nicht nass ist, regnet es nicht. Falsch wäre zu sagen, weil es nicht regnete, kann die Straße nicht nass sein.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;5. Äquijunktion:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; Aussage A trifft genau dann zu wenn Aussage B zutrifft, dabei ist der allfällige Inhalt der Aussage  wurscht, wie Wikipedia es so schön formuliert. Nehmen wir die zwei Aussagen:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;ε&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;) Heute ist Dienstag.&lt;br /&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;ζ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;) Morgen ist Mittwoch.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Daraus folgt, dass heute genau Dienstag ist, wenn morgen Mittwoch ist. Wenn morgen nicht Mittwoch ist, ist heute auch nicht Dienstag, ergo:&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table align="center" border="1"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;ε&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;ζ&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;ε ⇔ ζ&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;falsch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;wahr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abgeleitet zur Formel:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;⇔&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;)) = 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;, falls I (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;) = (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;), sonst &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;I ((&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;⇔&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;ψ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;= 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abschließend möchte ich noch sagen, dass dieser Post auf Klabunde et al. und dem Wikipedia-Artikel Aussagenlogik basiert. Für eine Vertiefung empfehle ich Marcus Spies. Einführung in die Logik. Spektrum. 2004. Hoffentlich habe ich das Buch richtig gelesen, denn es kann natürlich sein, dass ich logische Fehler reingebracht habe. ;-)&lt;br /&gt;Bald gehts weiter mit:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://img90.imageshack.us/my.php?image=sequentcalculusforclassrt2.png" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img90.imageshack.us/img90/9582/sequentcalculusforclassrt2.th.png" alt="Free Image Hosting at www.ImageShack.us" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-7576241776235215302?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/7576241776235215302/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=7576241776235215302' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7576241776235215302'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7576241776235215302'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/aussagenlogik-teil-1.html' title='Aussagenlogik (Teil 1)'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-8484909299127588259</id><published>2008-05-05T10:39:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-06T13:01:42.060+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 06. May, 2008</title><content type='html'>Here's the news:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/05/happiness-is.html"&gt;Happiness is not having what you want, but wanting what you have.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://bayblab.blogspot.com/2008/05/1000th-post.html"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Penguin Prostitution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The dude from &lt;a href="http://altjapan.typepad.com/"&gt;AltJapan&lt;/a&gt; wrote an awesome &lt;a href="http://altjapan.typepad.com/my_weblog/2008/05/theyre-here-the.html"&gt;book about Yokai&lt;/a&gt; (Japanese mythological creatures). According to him "it's&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;the last guide to Japan you'll ever need". Here's the data sheet of a Kappa (a turtle):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://img214.imageshack.us/my.php?image=6a00d8341bfd2253ef00e55yv3.jpg" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img214.imageshack.us/img214/7153/6a00d8341bfd2253ef00e55yv3.th.jpg" alt="Free Image Hosting at www.ImageShack.us" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Buy it: &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Yokai-Attack-Japanese-Monster-Survival/dp/4770030703/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1209781229&amp;amp;sr=8-1"&gt;US Amazon&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Yokai-Attack-Japanese-Monster-Survival/dp/4770030703/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1209781275&amp;amp;sr=8-1"&gt;UK Amazon&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.co.jp/Yokai-Attack-Japanese-Monster-Survival/dp/4770030703/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=english-books&amp;amp;qid=1209781188&amp;amp;sr=8-1"&gt;JP Amazon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He also wrote about the &lt;a href="http://altjapan.typepad.com/my_weblog/2008/05/akihabara-shake.html"&gt;Akibahara Shakedown&lt;/a&gt;; Akiba (abbrv.) is the Electric/Otaku Town of Tokyo where many cosplay street performances are held. The police wants to shut down these performances, what a pity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://img205.imageshack.us/my.php?image=cosplay095du7wk0.jpg" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img205.imageshack.us/img205/3331/cosplay095du7wk0.th.jpg" alt="Free Image Hosting at www.ImageShack.us" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-8484909299127588259?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/8484909299127588259/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=8484909299127588259' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8484909299127588259'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8484909299127588259'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/points-of-interest-06-may-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 06. May, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-1936017363688585760</id><published>2008-05-01T13:14:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-01T13:26:40.181+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 01. May, 2008</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/22/science/22lang.html?_r=1&amp;amp;oref=slogin"&gt;When Language Can Hold the Answer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/04/fairness-activates-brain-reward.html"&gt;Fairness activates brain reward circuitry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://bibliodyssey.blogspot.com/2008/04/japanese-crepe-paper-fairy-tales.html"&gt;Japanese Crepe Paper Fairy Tales&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://no-sword.jp/blog/2008/05/fukufukushi.html"&gt;Fukufukushi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/gnxp/2008/04/why_it_was_best_to_be_white.php"&gt;Why it was best to be white&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-1936017363688585760?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/1936017363688585760/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=1936017363688585760' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1936017363688585760'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1936017363688585760'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/points-of-interest-01-may-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 01. May, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-7325501381056906307</id><published>2008-05-01T12:39:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-01T13:13:28.043+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Technology'/><title type='text'>Future Technologies</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;RFID is our future and the future is now. Shadowrunners know what I'm talking about. In the Shadowrun universe RFID chips (Radio Frequency Identification) are everywhere. Every Coke can and car is equipped with a small chip which emits low or high frequency radio waves.&lt;br /&gt;So what can these little things do in our universe?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;In Japan almost every new  cellphone has a RFID chip which allows the user, if he has signed a  contract with NTT DoCoMo (the largest communication provider), to  pay with his cellphone.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;In Spain and the Netherlands are  certain nightclubs which use RFID implants. They implant a RFID  under your skin which saves your bill.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;Many countries (USA, Ireland,  Japan, Pakistan, Norway, Malaysia, New Zealand, Belgium, The  Netherlands, Germany and The United Kingdom) use RFID in their  passports to scan and check the personal data. If your passport is  checked, the state knows where you are and where you're going.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;Another usage is the collection of  tolls. Once again, if you pay via RFID, they know where you are.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Other uses include product tracking, schools, universities,  animal identification, libraries, access control, museums.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;I may say that it's not a large step from animal identification towards human identification. By the way, Shadowrunners avoid using RFID tagged products since their position could be determined. Think about Google and intelligent advertisement; with RFID in your body the companies would be able to make a behavioural model of you. All in your interest. All in your interest.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;A RFID transponder:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://img216.imageshack.us/my.php?image=transponder2uv8.jpg" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img216.imageshack.us/img216/4428/transponder2uv8.th.jpg" alt="Free Image Hosting at www.ImageShack.us" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-7325501381056906307?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/7325501381056906307/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=7325501381056906307' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7325501381056906307'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7325501381056906307'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/05/future-technologies.html' title='Future Technologies'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3677901163544192088</id><published>2008-04-30T11:08:00.010+02:00</published><updated>2008-04-30T16:07:01.454+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Academic'/><title type='text'>Germanistik in Heidelberg</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Doch nicht so Elite: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://img140.imageshack.us/my.php?image=unbenanntdu0.jpg" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img140.imageshack.us/img140/5787/unbenanntdu0.th.jpg" alt="Free Image Hosting at www.ImageShack.us" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ich bin ein einfacher Student, der nicht weiter weiß. Derzeit studiere ich Anglistik und Germanistik auf Lehramt an der Universität in Heidelberg und das schon im 5. Semester. Leider ist Lehramt so gar nichts für mich, da ich kein pädagogisches Feingefühl habe. Germanistik ist noch weniger etwas für mich, da ich die endlosen Diskussionen, die zudem weder Hand noch Fuß haben, über Gedichte satt bin. Ich möchte nicht sagen, dass die germanistische Literaturwissenschaft keine Wissenschaft ist...&lt;br /&gt;Ja ich möchte es einfach nicht sagen. Literaturwissenschaft ist doch nur dann wissenschaftlich, wenn sie Ansätze aus anderen, wissenschaftlicheren, Fächern heranzieht, z.B. der Psychologie oder der Philosophie. Ohne diese Ansätze wären doch die Germanisten zum Ratespiel verurteilt. Gut, dass man als Student nicht gelehrt bekommt, wie man eine wissenschaftliche Analyse von Texten durchzuführen hat. Die meisten Studenten raten wild drauf los und beachten nicht einmal mehr die konkrete Textgrundlage.&lt;br /&gt;Vielleicht habe ich eine seltsame Vorstellung davon, was Wissenschaft ist, aber einige andere scheinen ein ähnliches Bild zu haben. Wieso sonst sind die Geisteswissenschaften so schlecht angesehen im universitären Umfeld? Wissenschaft muss für mich formal sein. Klar strukturiert und geregelt. Die Geisteswissenschaftler pochen immer auf ihre Tradition. Tradition hier und Tradition dort, aber damit bekommen sie keine Drittmittel. Was ist die Leistung eines Literaturwissenschaftlers?&lt;br /&gt;In der germanistischen Sprachwissenschaft sieht es auch nicht gerade besser aus. Im Vergleich zu der anglistischen Sprachwissenschaft verschließt sie sich und pocht auf ihre Traditionen. Gewagte neue Hypothesen und Theorien werden nicht einmal besprochen, wenn sie von ausländischen Linguisten angefertigt wurden. In meinen drei Jahren am germanistischen Seminar habe ich nicht einmal den Namen Chomsky gehört. Die Themen der Seminare reichen von Gewalt &amp;amp; Sprache bis hin zu Kleidungssemiotik. Das ganze Studium ist doch ein Witz, eine Freizeitveranstaltung. Die Dozenten versuchen Unterhaltungskünstler für die ganzen Lehramtsstudenten zu sein. Hier einmal eine kurze Beschreibung der Perlen meiner germanistischen Vorlesungen:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Einführung in die Literaturwissenschaft:&lt;/span&gt; Wissenschaft, das ich nicht lache. Wir haben Literaturgeschichte gemacht und zwar ausschließlich - vom Barock bis zur Nachkriegsliteratur. Kein einziges Wort ist über wissenschaftliche Analysemöglichkeiten von Texten verloren worden. Das ganze war mehr eine Geschichtsvorlesung, als alles andere.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Einführung in die Sprachwissenschaft:&lt;/span&gt; Eher eine Einführung in die Unterhaltungswissenschaft. Da die Studenten keine Lust auf Syntax haben, wurde halt Pragmatik und Textlinguistik gemacht. Namen und Theorien sind kaum aufgetaucht. Peirce war der einzige der namentlich genannt wurde und sonst nur Bühler, Saussure und Keller.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Proseminar Literaturwissenschaft:&lt;/span&gt; Die Dozentin war eine Feministin und 90% der anwesenden Studentinnen waren auch so drauf. Im Grunde ist es darauf hinausgelaufen, dass die Leute absurde Behauptungen aufgestellt haben und man 2 Stunden lang über diese philosophiert hat ohne den Text auch nur einzubeziehen. Ich glaube manche Leute hören sich einfach nur selbst reden und nutzen so ein Seminar als Therapiesitzung.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Proseminar Sprachwissenschaft:&lt;/span&gt; Da die Gemeinschaft der Germanistikstudierenden etwa aus 99% Lehrämtlern besteht, wird schon einmal gerne auf Fachterminologie verzichtet, um es den armen Kindern nicht zu schwer zu machen. Im Grunde war die Aufgabe auch nur Videofilme zu gucken und zu überlegen wie die Sprache Gewalt transportiert.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jetzt, da die Geisteswissenschaften immer mehr den Bach heruntergehen, wird endlich einmal überlegt, wie man wirksam in den Konkurrenzkampf mit den Naturwissenschaften treten kann. Hoffentlich ist das nicht schon zu spät. Allen Studieninteressierten, die wirklich wissenschaftlich arbeiten wollen, rate ich dringend davon ab Germanistik zu studieren. Für alle die ein nettes Freizeitvergnügen suchen oder ein Studium, welches ohne größere Anstrengungen zu bewältigen ist, denen rate ich zum Germanistik Studium - ihr werdet nichts sinnloseres und einfacheres finden.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://img501.imageshack.us/my.php?image=funnypictureskittenmonisj8.jpg" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://img501.imageshack.us/img501/4149/funnypictureskittenmonisj8.th.jpg" alt="Free Image Hosting at www.ImageShack.us" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3677901163544192088?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3677901163544192088/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3677901163544192088' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3677901163544192088'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3677901163544192088'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/laughing-man.html' title='Germanistik in Heidelberg'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-1928685167974357730</id><published>2008-04-25T10:19:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-04-25T10:19:46.078+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 25. April, 2008</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080422194553.htm"&gt;Mother's Diet Influences Infant Sex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/04/changing_belief_in_free_will_c.php"&gt;Changing belief in free will can cause students to cheat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/04/violent_video_games_and_desens.php"&gt;Violent video games and desensitization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.linguism.co.uk/language/respelling"&gt;Respelling&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://gizmodo.com/361229/toshiba-815t-pb-transformers+like-cellphone-of-geeky-dreams"&gt;Toshiba 815T PB: Transformers-Like Cellphone of Geeky dreams&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href="http://gizmodo.com/361229/toshiba-815t-pb-transformers+like-cellphone-of-geeky-dreams"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a href="http://decipherment.wordpress.com/2008/04/24/te-mu-and-te-ma-as-throne/"&gt;The Maize God's Throne&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://mr-verb.blogspot.com/2008/04/what-pronk.html"&gt;What a Pronk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-1928685167974357730?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/1928685167974357730/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=1928685167974357730' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1928685167974357730'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1928685167974357730'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/points-of-interest-25-april-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 25. April, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3986217204733579390</id><published>2008-04-24T15:19:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-31T12:20:57.857+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuroscience'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cognition'/><title type='text'>Doping fürs Gehirn (Teil 2)</title><content type='html'>Jetzt will ich einmal auf den ominösen fünften Punkt der &lt;a href="http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/magazine/16-05/gs_intro"&gt;Wired-Liste&lt;/a&gt; eingehen, welcher im Mittelpunkt der Diskussion um den Gebrauch von Neuro-Enhancements steht. Gibt es wirklich erhältliche Medikamente, die die Leistung des Gehirns verbessern können? Werfen wir einmal einen Blick auf die Liste:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;1. Adderall&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vergesst Retalin hier ist Adderal, die Droge der Schönen und Reichen. Eigentlich ist es ein Aphetamin, welches ADHS Patienten nehmen. Normale Leute verlieren den Appetit und bleiben wach und konzentriert. In den USA ist es eines der beliebtesten Medikamente. In Deutschland ist es nicht zugelassen, weil Fehlmedikation und nicht absehbare Nebenwirkungen zu irreparablen Herzschäden und Tod führen können. Normale Nebenwirkungen können - in unterschiedlichen Abstufungen - erhöhte Herzfrequenz, Schlaflosigkeit, hohen Blutdruck, Kopfschmerzen, Durchfall, Schwitzen, trockenen Mund, Verwirrtheit, Halluzinationen, Panik, Aggressivität, Zittern, Schwindel, allergische Reaktionen und Impotenz sein. Nicht zu vergessen physische und psychische Abhängigkeit. Tod kann übrigens auch bei normaler Dosierung eintreten - so genau weiß man das nicht. Bisher sind 20 Tode durch normale Dosierung bekannt geworden.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fazit: Gut wenn man suizidal veranlagt ist. Toll ist, dass die Reichen und Schönen sich Entziehungskuren und gute Psychotherapeuten leisten können. Wenn man über genug Geld verfügt sicher eine Überlegung wert, auch wenn es die letzte sein könnte.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;2. Aniracetam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Der Effekt dieses Nootropikums (Smart Drug) auf unsere Wahrnehmung ist noch nicht ganz geklärt. Angeblich hat das Medikament keine Nebenwirkungen außer Koordinationsstörungen, Benommenheit, Kopfschmerzen, kognitive Störungen, Nervosität und Gleichgewichtsstörung. Wird derzeit bei Alzheimer getestet. Langzeitverwendung soll relativ problemlos möglich sein, sagen zumindest die Laborratten.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fazit: Klingt zunächst einmal relativ gut. Relativ in Bezug zu Medikamenten mit Nebenwirkung Tod, aber klingt da nicht alles relativ gut?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;3. Aricept&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aricept wird zur Behandlung &lt;span class="copy"&gt;von Störungen der geistigen Leistungsfähigkeit, vor allem Demenz,  eingesetzt um die Symptome zu mildern. Nebenwirkungen &lt;/span&gt;Kopfschmerzen, Schwindel, Müdigkeit, Schlafstörungen, Muskelkrämpfe, Magen-Darm-Beschwerden, Übelkeit, Erbrechen und Durchfall. Eventuell hilft es dem Gedächtnis, aber nicht in merklichem Maße.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fazit: Kann man gleich Placebos nehmen und die sind wahrscheinlich effektiver.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;4. Methamphetamin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Auch Crystal oder Meth genannt, ganz clevere nennen es Crystal Meth. Wieder ein Amphetamin was schon unser Opa genommen hat, sofern er in der Armee war. Wehrmachtssoldaten haben es als Wachmacher bekommen. Positive Wirkungen sind gesteigertes sexuelles Verlangen, Euphorie, Verringerung des Schlafbedürfnis, gesteigerte Leistungsfähigkeit und Halluzinationen. Leider soll man danach einen ziemlichen Kater haben, lethargisch und depressiv werden. Nebenwirkungen sind:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Schlafstörungen&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Erhöhte Körpertemperatur&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Vermutete irreversible Schädigung der Neurotransmitter/Rezeptoren&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Verminderte Kritikfähigkeit&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Paranoide Wahnvorstellungen auf Grund des Schlafmangels&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Akutwerden einer latenten Schizophrenie&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Übersteigerte(r) Egozentrik/Narzissmus&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Aggressivität&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Kribbeln unter der Haut, das in extremen Fällen als unter der Haut krabbelnde Insekten wahrgenommen wird&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Taubes Gefühl im Körper&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Kein Schmerzgefühl vorhanden&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Akute Folgen bereits bei erstmaligem Konsum:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Lungenhochdruck bzw. -infarkt&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hirnblutungen&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Angstzustände&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Kopfschmerz&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Nervosität&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Motorische Unruhe&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Augenrollen&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Kaureflex&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Wangenschmerz&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Chronische Folgen eines starken Konsums:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Nierenschäden durch oxidativen Stress&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Gewichtsverlust&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Blutverdickung bei gleichzeitiger Blutdrucksteigerung&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Schlaganfälle und Herzstillstand bei Konsumenten mit Herzproblemen&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Unregelmäßigkeiten der Menstruation bis zum Aussetzen derselben&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Potenzstörungen&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Autoaggressionen&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Erschöpfung und Schädigung von Neurotransmittern (Serotonin und Dopamin) und deren Transporter, vor allem durch oxidativen Stress&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Beeinträchtigung und Degeneration der Nebenniere&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Starker Zerfall des Zahnschmelzes und Zahnausfall&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Tod&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Fazit: Wieso haben die das auf die Smart Drug Liste gesetzt? Ich würde mir eher einen Nagel in den Kopf schlagen, das hat definitiv weniger Nebenwirkungen und ähnlichen Effekt wenn es den richtigen Teil im Kopf trifft.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;5. Modafinil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Auch als Provigil oder Modavigil bekannt. Wird zur Behandlung von Narkolepsie eingesetzt und ist in seiner Wirkung ähnlich wie ein Amphetamin. Damit setzt es im zentralen Nervensystem an und bekämpft Erschöpfung und Schläfrigkeit. Außerdem verbessert es die Konzentrationsfähigkeit und das Kurzzeitgedächtnis. Im Leistungssport wird das Medikament als Dopingmittel eingesetzt, bekannte Benutzerin war Sprintweltmeisterin Kelli White. Nebenwirkungen sind Kopfweh, Übelkeit, Nervosität, Durchfall, Rückenschmerzen, Panik, Schlafprobleme und Schwindelgefühl.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fazit: Was für die Sprintweltmeisterin nicht schlecht war, kann für den zukünftigen Einstein auch nicht schlecht sein oder?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;6. Nikotin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ja wir reden von dem Zeug was in Zigaretten drin ist. Nikotin ist ein starkes Nervengift - wesentlich giftiger als Arsen oder Zyankali - und fördert den Ausstoß von Adrenalin, Dopamin und Serotonin. Der Herzschlag beschleunigt und der Blutdruck erhöht. Kurzzeitig steigert es die psychomotorischen Leistungsfähigkeit sowie die Aufmerksamkeits- und Gedächtnisleistung, durch verbesserte Kommunikation zwischen den Nervenzellen. Nebenwirkungen gibt es viele, darunter Übelkeit und Apetittlosigkeit. Langzeiteinnahme kann Krebsbildung hervorrufen. Psychische und physische Abhängigkeit ist möglich und ungefähr so stark wie bei Kokain. Die physischen Entzugserscheinungen sollen allerdings nach 72 Stunden vorbei sein. Die tödliche Dosis liegt bei 1 mg / kg Körpergewicht. Eine Zigarette enthält übrigens 12 mg Nikotin, wesentlich weniger wenn geraucht.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fazit: Generell zum Rauchen gibt es zu sagen, dass es zu teuer ist. Die Wirkung ist hält zu kurz, die Nebenwirkungen sind, vor allem bei Langzeitkonsum, zu groß.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;7. Rolipram&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Es handelt sich dabei um einen Entzündungshemmer, mit möglichem neurologischen Wirkungsgrad. So steigert es die Wachsamkeit, das Langzeitgedächtnis und schützt die Neuronen des Nervensystems vor Degeneration.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fazit: Ich habe kaum Informationen darüber gefunden. Ich denke, dass es sich noch in der klinischen Testphase befindet. Deshalb sind auch Nebenwirkung für Lang- und Kurzzeitbenutzung unbekannt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;8. Vasopressin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vasopressin ist ein Peptidhormon und lässt den Blutdruck durchs Dach schießen. Deswegen wird es auch in der Reanimation benutzt. Ausserdem reduziert es den Wasserverlust des Körpers indem er die Leber dazu bringt das schon vorhandene Wasser besser zu reabsorbieren. Soll den Lerneffekt verstärken. Ich verstehe das ganze auch nicht. Das Medikament scheint nur in klinischer Umgebung genutzt zu werden.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fazit: Der Effekt ist einfach zu wenig und das Mittel zu schwer zu beschaffen.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3986217204733579390?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3986217204733579390/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3986217204733579390' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3986217204733579390'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3986217204733579390'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/doping-frs-gehirn-teil-2.html' title='Doping fürs Gehirn (Teil 2)'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-5112162652759903045</id><published>2008-04-24T12:29:00.008+02:00</published><updated>2008-04-24T12:40:19.438+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Comedy'/><title type='text'>Grammar Nazee</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;It's time for Reich. Return of the Grammar Nazee (click the image for a better resolution):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://img356.imageshack.us/img356/9259/grammarnatzeebydinyctisxi6.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="width: 330px; height: 435px;" src="http://img356.imageshack.us/img356/9259/grammarnatzeebydinyctisxi6.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-5112162652759903045?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/5112162652759903045/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=5112162652759903045' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5112162652759903045'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5112162652759903045'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/grammar-nazee-of-year.html' title='Grammar Nazee'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-5374805546498923972</id><published>2008-04-23T15:36:00.004+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-31T12:20:07.585+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Foundations'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Set Theory'/><title type='text'>Mengenlehre</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ich lese zur Zeit "Computerlinguistik und Sprachtechnologie. Eine Einführung" in der 2. Auflage von Klabunde (et al.) und habe mir gedacht, dass ich vielleicht ein paar Grundlagen der Computerlinguistik erörtern könnte. Ich fange bei der Mengenlehre an und gehe dann zur Aussagenlogik und Prädikatenlogik über. Es soll eine Serie werden, die wirklich kurz und verständlich auf Grundlagen veingeht, zur Vertiefung empfehle ich entsprechende (mathematische) Fachliteratur. Folgende kurze Zusammenfassung basiert dementsprechend auf Klabunde et al. (2004: 26ff.), manchmal wurde wörtlich zitiert.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;1. Einführung&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;1.1 Mengenbegriff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die Mengenlehre wurde von Georg Cantor begründet. Unter einer Menge versteht Cantor&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;[...] jede Zusammenfassung M von bestimmten wohlunterschiedenen Objekten m unserer Anschauung oder unseres Denkens (welche die „Elemente“ von M genannt werden) zu einem Ganzen. (Cantor 1895)&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sprich die Ansammlung von Elementen. Nehmen wir die deutsche Flagge und bezeichnen die Menge ihrer Farben als G. Sie besteht aus den drei Farben schwarz, rot und gold. Als Formel würde man das folgendermaßen schreiben:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;G = { schwarz, rot, gold }&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sprich: Die Menge G besteht aus den Elementen schwarz, rot und gold. die Reihenfolge und mehrfaches Vorkommen der einzelnen Elemente ist egal. Die Menge { rot, rot, gold, gold, gold, schwarz } ist also das selbe wie die Menge { schwarz, rot, gold }.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;1.2 Beschreibung einer Menge durch Charakteristika&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um eine Menge zu beschreiben muss man aber nicht unbedingt alle Elemente angeben, man kann auch ein Charakteristika angeben. So könnte man zum Beispiel die Menge G anders beschreiben:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;G' = { x | x  ist eine Farbe der deutschen Flagge }&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Damit gilt:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;G = G'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;1.3 Elemente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rot ist ein Element der Menge G, dies drückt man folgendermaßen aus:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;{ rot } ∈ G&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Im Gegensatz dazu ist grün nicht in der deutschen Flagge vorhanden, was man so ausdrückt:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;{ grün } ∉ G&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;1.4 Leere Menge&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wenn eine Menge, warum auch immer, keine Elemente enthält, dann spricht man von der leeren Menge L, zum Beispiel:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;G = { x | x  ist eine Farbe der deutschen Flagge und auch in der irischen Flagge enthalten }&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;die irische Flage (hier als Menge I definiert) hat die Farben { grün, weiss, orange }, also gilt:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;L = { ∅ }&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;1.5 Kardinalität&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kardinalität ist die Anzahl der Elemente die eine Menge enthält. In unserem Fall:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;|G| = 3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;2. Beziehungen von Mengen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;2.1 (Echte) Teilmenge&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Definieren wir die Menge der ungeraden Zahlen als:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;U = { 1, 3, 5, ... }&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;und die Menge der natürlichen Zahlen als:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;ℕ = { 1, 2, 3, ... }&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;dann ist die Menge U ein Teil der natürlichen Zahlen und damit der Menge ℕ. Wir sprechen von einer Teilmenge:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;U ⊆ ℕ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dies bedeutet, dass jedes Element von U auch Element von ℕ ist. Will man ausdrücken, dass U eine Teilmenge von ℕ ist, aber nicht gleich ℕ, so benutzt man den Begriff der echten Teilmenge:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;U ⊂ ℕ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;2.2 (Echte) Obermenge&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Daraus folgt, dass ℕ die Obermenge von U ist:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;ℕ ⊇ U&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;und natürlich, dass ℕ die echte Obermenge von U ist:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;ℕ ⊃ U&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;2.3 Potenzmenge&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die Potenzmenge &lt;span class="unicode"&gt;℘&lt;/span&gt;(A) einer Menge A ist diejenige Menge, die alle Teilmengen der Menge umfasst (und sich selbst plus die leere Menge), also:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;℘&lt;/span&gt;(A) = { X | X ⊆ A }&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Im konkreten Fall mit der deutschen Flagge wäre die Potenzmenge von G:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;℘&lt;/span&gt;(G) = { ∅, {schwarz}, {rot}, {gold}, {schwarz, rot}, {schwarz, gold}, {rot, gold}, {schwarz, rot gold} }&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;3. Mengenoperationen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;3.1 Vereinigung&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die Vereinigung von zwei Mengen enthält alle Elemente, die in der einen (hier: A) oder in der anderen Menge (hier: B) vorkommen, also:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;A &lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∪ &lt;/span&gt;B = { x | x ∈ A oder x ∈ B }&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;konkret heißt das für unser Beispiel mit den natürlichen und ungeraden Zahlen:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;U &lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∪&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ℕ = ℕ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alle ungeraden Zahlen kommen auch in den natürlichen Zahlen vor, ist also Teilmenge der natürlichen Zahlen und die Vereinigung damit ℕ. Nehmen wir unser anderes Beispiel mit der deutschen und irischen Flagge:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;G &lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∪ I = { schwarz, rot, gold, grün, weiss, orange }&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;3.2 Schnitt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Der Schnitt zweier Mengen enthält alle Elemente die sowohl in der einen, als auch in der anderen Menge vorkommen, also:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;A &lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩ &lt;/span&gt;B = { x | x ∈ A und x ∈ B }&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Konkret bei unserem Flaggenbeispiel:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;G &lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩ I = { &lt;/span&gt;∅&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; }&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Leere Menge, da die beiden Mengen keine gemeinsamen Elemente haben.&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.3 Differenz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eine Differenz zweier Mengen enthält alle Elemente, die zwar in A vorkommen aber nicht in B, also:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;A \ B = { x | x ∈ A und x ∉ B }&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nehmen wir die Flagge des Vereinigten Königreichs ({ blau, rot, weiss } = B), also:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;B \ G = { blau, weiss }&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;3. 4 Komplement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hat man eine Grundmenge G so ist das Komplement Ā einer Teilmenge A ⊆ G definiert durch:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Ā = G \ A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Konkret für unser beispiel mit den ungeraden und natürlichen Zahlen:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Ū = ℕ \ U&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um es wirklich konkret zu sagen, das Komplement der ungeraden Zahlen sind die geraden Zahlen, also:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Ū = { 2, 4, 6, ... }&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;3.5 Charakteristische Funktion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wir haben oben G als Grundmenge und A als eine Teilmenge von G definiert. Die charakteristische Funktion ist deshalb:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;(x) = {0    x ∉ A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;_______&lt;/span&gt;{1    x ∈ A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dadurch kann man Mengenoperation anders beschreiben, z.B.:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; = C&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;span class="unicode"&gt;⋅ C&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;4. Mengengesetze&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Im Rahmen von Mengenoperation gelten einige logische Mengengesetze, die ich hier noch erwähnen will.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;4.1 Kommunikativgesetz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; B = B &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∪&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; B = B &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∪&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;4.2 Assoziativgesetz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∪&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; (B &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∪&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; C) = (A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∪&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; B) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∪&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; C&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; (B &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; C) = (A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; B) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; C&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;4.3 Distributivgesetz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∪&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; (B &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; C) = (A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∪&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; B) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; (A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∪&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; C)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; (B &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∪&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; C) = (A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; B)  (A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; C)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;4.4 Gesetze von DeMorgan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_____&lt;br /&gt;(A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∪&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; O) = (Ā &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; Ō)&lt;br /&gt;_____&lt;br /&gt;(A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∩&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; O) = (Ā &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;∪&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt; Ō)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ich hab kein B mit Makron gefunden, also stellt euch vor das O wäre ein B.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;5. Schlussbemerkung&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die Mengenlehre braucht man für alle Bereiche der Computerlinuistik und ist notwendiges Arbeitswerkzeug. Ich hoffe ihr freut euch schon auf den nächsten Beitrag über Aussagenlogik, denn das wird richtig knackig.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-5374805546498923972?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/5374805546498923972/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=5374805546498923972' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5374805546498923972'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5374805546498923972'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/mengenlehre.html' title='Mengenlehre'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-113090248080174561</id><published>2008-04-22T13:12:00.005+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-31T12:21:06.876+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuroscience'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cognition'/><title type='text'>Doping fürs Gehirn (Teil 1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Seit einiger Zeit ist unter anderem auf &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/gnxp/"&gt;Gene Expression&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/gnxp/2008/04/why_scientists_should_do_drugs.php"&gt;eine Diskussion&lt;/a&gt; im Gange, die Pro und Kontra von so genannten Neuro-Enhancements diskutiert. Die Idee dahinter ist, seine psychische Leistungsfähigkeit mit Medikamenten (oder einen Schritt weiter: mit Elektronik) zu verbessern - Doping fürs Gehirn. &lt;a href="http://www.wired.com/"&gt;Wired&lt;/a&gt; hat nun eine &lt;a href="http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/magazine/16-05/gs_intro"&gt;Liste mit 12 Punkten&lt;/a&gt; veröffentlicht, welche angeblich die Leistungsfähigkeit des Gehirns verbessern sollen (auf Punkt 5 will ich in einem Extrabeitrag noch gesondert eingehen):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Statisches Lernen durch Ablenkung&lt;/span&gt;. Ist man genötigt Listen auswendig zu lernen, dann ist es sinnvoll zunächst das eigentliche Material durch zugehen und dann zu versuchen etwas ähnliches zu memorisieren. Dadurch soll das Gehirn härter arbeiten um die eigentlichen Informationen zu speichern, wie eine Studie der UCLA 2007 zeigte.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Regelmäßige Koffeinzufuhr&lt;/span&gt;. Im Laufe des Tages produziert der Körper Adenosin, ein Nukleosid welches die Ausschüttung von Dopamin, Acetylcholin oder Noradrenalin blockiert und unseren Blutdruck senkt. Die Blockierung dieser Neurotransmiter führt zu Ermüdung - so nimmt man an. Dem kann man mit Koffein entgegenwirken. Dabei sind regelmäßige Koffeinpausen effektiver als ein punktueller Überschuss. In Kombination mit Zucker, soll sich der Effekt sogar verstärken. Dennoch muss man bedenken, dass unser Körper nicht umsonst Adenosin produziert.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Interesse und Wissensnetze&lt;/span&gt;. Hier weiche ich von Wired ab und präsentiere eine dynamische Lernmethode anstelle einer statischen. Möchte man sich eine Vielzahl von Wissen aneignen, so beginnt man am besten mit dem Teil für den man sich besonders interessiert, egal wie dumm und trivial das einem erscheinen mag und arbeitet sich zu anderen Themen vor - mit dem Bezug zum interessanten Thema. Man betreibt sozusagen ein neurologisches Linkhopping. Beispiel: Sagen wir das Wissen sei &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptseite"&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; und ich interessiere mich für &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_trek"&gt;Star Trek&lt;/a&gt;. Ich lese mir den Artikel durch und stoße auf einen Verweis zu &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarismus"&gt;Egalitarismus&lt;/a&gt; durch folgenden Abschnitt:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Der Star-Trek-Schöpfer &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry" title="Gene Roddenberry"&gt;Gene Roddenberry&lt;/a&gt; war ein leidenschaftlicher Fürsprecher &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarismus" title="Egalitarismus"&gt;egalitärer&lt;/a&gt; Politik und benutzte die Serien häufig, um seine Vision einer auf diesen Prinzipien basierenden zukünftigen Gesellschaft zu vermitteln.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Jetzt bin ich schon mal einen Schritt weiter und lese mir diesen Artikel durch, dabei stoße ich auf folgenden Abschnitt:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Die Konzeption einer z.B. politischen, ökonomischen, wissenschaftlichen oder kulturellen &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite" title="Elite"&gt;Elite&lt;/a&gt; steht im Gegensatz zu egalitären Gesellschaftskonstruktionen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ich interessiere mich für den Begriff der &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite"&gt;Elite&lt;/a&gt; und öffne diesen Verweis. In dem Artikel finde ich wiederum einen Verweis auf &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studiengeb%C3%BChren_in_Deutschland"&gt;Studiengebühren&lt;/a&gt; und öffne ihn. Auf diese Art und Weise kann man sich über ein Thema, für das man sich interessiert, ein Netz von Wissen erarbeiten.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Naivität&lt;/span&gt;. Schon oft wurde von Philosophen und Wissenschaftlern die Naivität der Kinder idealisiert und zum wichtigsten Gut des Menschen erklärt. Damit meint man nicht gedankenloses Folgen, sondern an Wissensphänomene neutral und Unvoreingenommenheit heranzutreten. Wenn man neue Dinge lernt und sich dabei gut fühlt, ganz egal, ob es sich dabei um Star Trek oder die Stringtheorie handelt und man spürt wie man an Wissen dazu gewinnt, dann hat das einen positiven Effekt. Das Gehirn ist nicht sozio-kulturellen Wertungssystemen unterworfen und beurteilt nicht, ob es besser ist 3000 Jahre Wissen über &lt;a href="http://www.wiki-aventurica.de/index.php?title=Chronologica_Aventurica"&gt;aventurische Geschichte&lt;/a&gt; oder alles seit &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_und_Remus"&gt;Romulus und Remus&lt;/a&gt; zu speichern. Neue Neuronenverbindungen werden so oder so hergestellt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Dauerhaften Stress vermeiden&lt;/span&gt;. Ein bisschen Druck zur richtigen Zeit kann zwar wahre Wunder wirken, aber kontinuierlicher Stress ist zu vermeiden, da das &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdala"&gt;Amygdala&lt;/a&gt;, eine Hirnregion welche für emotionale Verarbeitung zuständig ist, sonst Kontrolle übernimmt und rationales, geordnetes Denken kaum mehr möglich ist. Yoga und Schlaf soll helfen, also im Prinzip alles bei dem man "sich verlieren kann" und/oder bewusste Atmung erreicht.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Strukturen aufbrechen und neu bilden&lt;/span&gt;. Wenn nötig und möglich, kann es sinnvoll sein bestehende Strukturen anzupassen an das individuelle Verständnis. Man hat zum Beispiel folgende Zahlensequenzen A = [308, 933, 561, 192] und B = [543, 1230, 593, 4844]. Die Reihenfolge der Zahlen ist fakultativ und man muss beide Sequenzen (A und B) memorisieren, dann könnte es sinnvoll sein, die Zahlen nach einem eigenen System neu zu ordnen. Ob man sich dabei eine assoziative Brücke baut und die zahlen entsprechend anordnet oder von niedriger zu hoher Zahl geht, das ist einem selbst überlassen.&lt;br /&gt;Meist haben sich die Leute, welche diese Strukturen erstellt haben, etwas dabei gedacht und man sollte diese Strukturen zwar immer hinterfragen, aber auch beachten und dann entscheiden.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Finger und Mund&lt;/span&gt;. Genauso wie man Assoziationen als Hilfsmittel einsetzen kann, so kann man auch seinen Körper einsetzen. Finger zum Rechnen und Zählen benutzen und das Repetieren von Texten durch vorlesen kann helfen. Ihr mögt vielleicht glauben, dass ihr dabei dumm ausseht, aber ihr seid alles andere als dumm.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Lehren und Lernen&lt;/span&gt;. Man nimmt an, dass man durch Erklären eines Sachverhaltes für andere, und die damit verbundene Portionierung und Simplifizierung der Fakten, die Effektivität des eigenen Verstehens für die Thematik um bis zu 90% erhöht. Wenn man etwas also nicht kapiert hat, dann sollte man es erst seinem Hund erklären, um es sich selbst zu erklären und anschließend seinem Freund oder Freundin, um das Wissen auch zu verankern.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-113090248080174561?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/113090248080174561/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=113090248080174561' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/113090248080174561'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/113090248080174561'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/doping-frs-gehirn-teil-1.html' title='Doping fürs Gehirn (Teil 1)'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3014053352765980112</id><published>2008-04-22T12:05:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2008-04-22T13:10:55.561+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 22. April, 2008</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;I got some serious issues with Firefox but now I'm back and here's the news. I kicked many blogs out of my blogroll because they were inactive (at least 1 month) or they posted nothing relevant to my interest (at least 5 posts). I'll keep this nice and clean.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=73"&gt;Two Dots Too Many&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Funny story about a Turkish guy who wrote a text message which was actually saying "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Anyhow, whenever you can’t answer an argument, you change the subject.&lt;/span&gt;" but was interpreted by his wife as "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Anyhow, whenever they are fucking you, you change the subject.&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;The problematic word is "sıkışınca" (here: to be unable to answer an argument) versus "sikişınce" (here: to fuck). Language Log explains how this misunderstanding could occur. The funny side of the coin is that the guy was stabbed by his wife, father and her two sisters. Fortunately, he could stab his wife too; she died afterwards. It's so stereotypical for Turkish people. I'm not surprised at all about the outcome.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.petemandik.com/blog/2008/04/21/scientists-solve-gavagai-problem-not/"&gt;How to build a Babelfish&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The title says it all. Which linguistic circumstances would it be necessary in order to construct and to use the Babelfish as described in The Hitchiker's Guide to Galaxy? Btw, nice drawing included.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://smt.blogs.com/mari_diary/2008/04/prefecture-bran.html"&gt;Prefecture Brand Power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Which Japanese Prefecture has the highest recognizability and uniqueness?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2008/04/basics_how_can_chromosome_numb.php"&gt;How can chromosome numbers change over time?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/gnxp/2008/04/vitamin_d_deficiency_makes_you.php"&gt;Vitamin D deficiency makes you dumb?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/gnxp/2008/04/why_scientists_should_do_drugs.php"&gt;Why scientists should do drugs (if they choose)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/gnxp/2008/04/drugs_that_make_you_smart.php#c847231"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3014053352765980112?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3014053352765980112/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3014053352765980112' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3014053352765980112'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3014053352765980112'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/points-of-interest-22-april-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 22. April, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-7501323716476855776</id><published>2008-04-20T16:30:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2008-04-20T17:13:59.760+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 20. April, 2008</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://langguj.blogspot.com/2008/04/hypothesis-season.html"&gt;About the demonstratives in Dalabon Language&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This guy does an hilarious job on documenting an endangered language spoken by less then twenty people in the north-eastern corner of Australia. It is exciting and fascinating to read his hypotheses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.iq.harvard.edu/blog/sss/archives/2008/04/linguistics_of.shtml#more"&gt;Linguistics of the Debate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A linguistic-statistical analysis of the Clinton/Obama debate in Philadelphia. They counted the words and phrases that were uttered. Come to your own conclusion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.oneplusyou.com/q/v/caffeine"&gt;The Caffeine Click Test&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oh, I'm near death and I've delusions of godlike power - that's quite accurate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://thelaughingman.net/"&gt;Automatically hide human faces behind the Laughing Man logo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Awesome. I've always wanted to code this and now somebody else did.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-7501323716476855776?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/7501323716476855776/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=7501323716476855776' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7501323716476855776'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7501323716476855776'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/points-of-interest-20-april-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 20. April, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-538854925261800051</id><published>2008-04-20T13:07:00.008+02:00</published><updated>2008-04-20T15:55:57.152+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='About'/><title type='text'>Komplekz 'daeptif sistehmz</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;You may be wondering what this blog is all about and I think it is time to lift the veil of mystery and to embrace the cleansing light of enlightenment. No this blog isn't about cheap puns; it's about Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;u&gt;System:&lt;/u&gt; A system is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole. (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System"&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;Complex System:&lt;/u&gt; A complex system is a system composed of interconnected parts that as a whole exhibit one or more properties (behavior among the possible properties) not obvious from the properties of the individual parts. (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_system"&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;Complex Adaptive System:&lt;/u&gt; Complex adaptive systems are special cases of complex systems. They are complex in that they are diverse and made up of multiple interconnected elements and adaptive in that they have the capacity to change and learn from experience. (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_adaptive_system"&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It's an interdisciplinary field of study which includes for example "the stock market, social insect and ant colonies, the biosphere and the ecosystem, the brain and the immune system, the cell and the developing embryo, manufacturing businesses and any human social group-based endeavour in a cultural and social system such as political parties or communities." (ibid.)&lt;br /&gt;You see it contains almost everything; but this is not a mad scientist's blog about CAS. I use this phrase in a metaphorical way. You, dear reader, are a CAS. You are complex, at least I hope so, and you can act and re-act; so this blog is about everything you can think of (and which interests me), especially humans and their language.&lt;br /&gt;I was inspired by the essay "&lt;a href="http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_cult/evolit/s05/web2/abose.html"&gt;Are you there God? It's me, a Complex-Adaptive System&lt;/a&gt;" by Arshiya Bose, which Michael (&lt;a href="http://sharedsymbolicstorage.blogspot.com/"&gt;Shared Symbolic Storage&lt;/a&gt;) showed me in my first or second semester at university. By the way, he's the person guilty of throwing me in the depths of linguistic perversion, i. e. waking the interest for interdisciplinary-linguistic study. Therefore I will write about things nobody is interested an - at least not normal people - like Neuroscience, Language, German Language, Germany, Anime, Manga, Japan, Cognitive Science, Computational Science, Linguistics, Poetry, Zen, Buddhism, Artificial Intelligence, Roleplay, Politics, University and Personal Stuff.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please be aware that I recommend to install the language packs for your operating system since I'll make extensive use of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_writing_system"&gt;Japanese writing system&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Letters"&gt;IPA letters&lt;/a&gt; and other various uncommon writing systems like ancient &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_orthography"&gt;Greek&lt;/a&gt;. This blog will contain English as well as German texts, so please ensure that you'll be able to see "Umlaute" like ä, ö, ü and ß (Ä, Ö, Ü) and not silly squares.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I'm not a native speaker of the English language. Therefore my utterances might be confusing or just plainly wrong. Nevertheless, you may send hate mails to:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;WorteWieWind(at)gmail(dot)com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-538854925261800051?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/538854925261800051/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=538854925261800051' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/538854925261800051'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/538854925261800051'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/komplekz-daeptif-sistehmz.html' title='Komplekz &apos;daeptif sistehmz'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-4997562462252258034</id><published>2008-04-19T13:02:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-13T13:23:09.092+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Comedy'/><title type='text'>Faster, LOLCat! Kill! Kill!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Found on today's &lt;a href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=59"&gt;Language Log&lt;/a&gt; (click the image for a better resolution):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://img403.imageshack.us/img403/2253/119524132666zq0pi3.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="width: 310px; height: 395px;" src="http://img403.imageshack.us/img403/2253/119524132666zq0pi3.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-4997562462252258034?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/4997562462252258034/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=4997562462252258034' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4997562462252258034'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4997562462252258034'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/faster-lolcat-kill-kill.html' title='Faster, LOLCat! Kill! Kill!'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-1399544269017991980</id><published>2008-04-19T12:36:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-31T12:14:52.360+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Language Criticism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='German Language'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Language'/><title type='text'>Sick of Sick</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ich möchte jedem der von &lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastian_Sick"&gt;Bastian Sicks&lt;/a&gt; populistischen Halbwahrheiten genervt ist das Buch des Berliner Sprachwissenschaftlers &lt;a href="http://www.zas.gwz-berlin.de/mitarb/homepage/andre/"&gt;André Meinunger&lt;/a&gt; empfehlen, welcher mit fachlicher Kompetenz die Schwächen von Sicks Argumentation aufzeigt. &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Sick of Sick: Ein Streifzug durch die Sprache als Antwort auf den „Zwiebelfisch“&lt;/span&gt; - hier die Kurzbeschreibung auf &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.de/Streifzug-durch-Sprache-Antwort-%C2%BBZwiebelfisch%C2%AB/dp/3865990479/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1208376970&amp;amp;sr=8-1"&gt;Amazon&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Bastian Sick hat es vorgemacht: Auf unterhaltsame Weise hat er ein Millionenpublikum für sprachliche Phänomene sensibilisiert. Entschlossen kämpft er seinen Kampf gegen den Verfall der deutschen Sprache und nimmt, wo immer er einen Verstoß gegen die Grammatik wittert, vermeintliche Fehler gnadenlos auseinander. Doch nicht alle seiner Beiträge halten einer kritischen Hinterfragung stand. In »Sick of Sick?« zeigt der Berliner Sprachwissenschaftler André Meinunger, in welchen Punkten der bekannte Grammatikpapst nicht ganz richtig liegt. Auf ähnlich unterhaltsame Weise wie im »Zwiebelfisch« wird im vorliegenden Buch deutlich, wie viel komplizierter oder manchmal auch wie viel einfacher die deutsche Sprache ist, als Bastian Sick es glauben machen will.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-1399544269017991980?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/1399544269017991980/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=1399544269017991980' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1399544269017991980'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/1399544269017991980'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/sick-of-sick.html' title='Sick of Sick'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-2874743421380446726</id><published>2008-04-19T04:07:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2008-04-20T16:37:51.191+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 19. April, 2008</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Alwigh', 'ere is the chuffin' today's news. Hairy Biscuits and Cheese be aware that this text was translated wif the bloomin' &lt;a href="http://www.dialects.co.uk/cockney-translator.asp"&gt;Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Translator&lt;/a&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://decipherment.wordpress.com/2008/03/27/a-childhood-ritual-on-the-hauberg-stela/"&gt;Royal Bloodleting Maya Ritual&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://languageevolution.wordpress.com/2008/04/16/hear-a-neanderthal-talk-and-other-interesting-neanderthal-language-rumblings/"&gt;Hear a Neanderthal Talk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://experimentalphilosophy.typepad.com/experimental_philosophy/2008/04/the-collective.html"&gt;The Collective Conscious&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/04/how_body_movements_can_help_wi.php"&gt;How body movements can help with arithmetic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/04/does_counting_your_blessings_r.php"&gt;Does "counting your blessings" really help?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/04/money-makes-us-happy.html"&gt;Money makes us happy...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/04/release-of-creativity-by-frontotemporal.html"&gt;Release of creativity by frontotemporal dementia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/gnxp/2008/04/americans_are_good_at_murder.php"&gt;Americans are good at murder?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://bayblab.blogspot.com/2008/04/top-5-mcgyver-moments-in-lab.html"&gt;Top 5 McGyver moments in the lab&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-2874743421380446726?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/2874743421380446726/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=2874743421380446726' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/2874743421380446726'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/2874743421380446726'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/points-of-interest-190408.html' title='Points of Interest 19. April, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3324935344880673878</id><published>2008-04-16T09:32:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-31T12:15:06.586+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Language Criticism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='German Language'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Language'/><title type='text'>Langpocalypse</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Wir wissen alle, dass die DEUTSCHE SPRACHE (TM) sich ihrem Ende zuneigt und sie unweigerlich von den Horden dummer Jugendlicher die nur noch an Sex und Drogen denken können vernichtet wird. Der Todesstoß steht kurz bevor und der Weg ihres Abstiegs ist gesäumt mit den Leichen von Sprachkritikern, Journalisten und anderes Pack, die mutig in die Bresche gesprungen sind, um ihr Leben für die DEUTSCHE SPRACHE (TM) zu geben.&lt;br /&gt;Erstaunlicherweise, scheinen andere Sprachen das selbe Problem zu haben und so sind gleich zwei, nicht ganz ernste, englischsprachige Artikel (&lt;a href="http://www.bisso.com/epea/2008/04/bleedin-pony-innit.html"&gt;Epea&lt;/a&gt; und &lt;a href="http://english-jack.blogspot.com/2008/04/declining-standards-of-language.html"&gt;English, Jack&lt;/a&gt;) in kürzester Zeit erschienen. Dabei dachte ich doch, dass &lt;a href="http://otakuzen.blogspot.com/2008/03/deutscher-sprachfaschismus.html"&gt;Sprachfaschismus&lt;/a&gt; eine DEUTSCHE TUGEND (TM) sei.&lt;br /&gt;Es ist an der Zeit, mich auch zum Sprachfaschismus zu bekennen, denn ein seltsames Phänomen treibt sein Unwesen in unseren Straßen und frisst sich in die hohlen Köpfe unserer Kinder. Ich bin ja eigentlich ein gemäßigter Mensch, den nichts interessiert - so wie es sich für einen DEUTSCHEN BÜRGER (TM) gehört, aber bei einer Sache muss ich doch einmal den Mund aufmachen.&lt;br /&gt;Ich fahre schon seit einigen Jahren relativ viel und häufig mit der Bahn und bekomme so manches Gespräch mit, was nicht immer ein Vorteil ist. Vor zirka zwei Jahren ist mir ein bestimmtes sprachliches Phänomen bewusst geworden. Viele Jugendliche, vor allem mit niedrigerem Bildungsstandard und damit höherem Kontakt zu Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund (1. Wie ich diesen Euphemismus liebe; 2. Oh my god, racism incoming!) neigen dazu den, in der DEUTSCHEN SPRACHE (TM) so wunderbar einzigartigen [sic], stimmlosen palatalen Frikativ [ç] durch den stimmlosen postalveolaren Frikativ [ʃ] zu ersetzen, i. e. sie sagen anstatt dem normalen "ich" oder "mich" einfach "isch" bzw. "misch" - which give me the creeps. Ich weiß nicht warum, aber in meinen Ohren senkt das die Intelligenz eines Menschen um 95%. Dass sich vor allem die Hauptschüler, Realschüler und Berufsschüler mit deutschem Hintergrund der &lt;a href="http://otakuzen.blogspot.com/2008/03/auslnder-und-gewalt.html"&gt;dominanten Fraktion&lt;/a&gt; von Mitschülern mit Migrationshintergrund anpassen müssen, ist für mich offensichtlich. Meist handelt es sich bei der dominanten Fraktion um Türken, welche Deutschtürk sprechen. Woher kommt nun dieses sprachliche Phänomen? Die türkische Sprache kennt keine palatalen Frikative, dafür aber sehr wohl die beiden postalveolaren Frikative [ʃ] und [ʒ], welche - durch Nähe zum Artikulationsort - einfach für [ç] substituiert werden. Ganz schrecklich dieser türkische Sprachimperialismus.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3324935344880673878?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3324935344880673878/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3324935344880673878' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3324935344880673878'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3324935344880673878'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/langpocalypse.html' title='Langpocalypse'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-954486390482764465</id><published>2008-04-11T03:31:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-04-10T18:31:50.820+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 10. April, 2008</title><content type='html'>Time for the daily news:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/04/is_yoga_better_than_other_exer.php"&gt;Is yoga better than other exercise for boosting self-esteem?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.omsi.edu/visit/life/aging/brain.cfm"&gt;Compare a MRI of a 87 year old brain and a MRI of a 27 year old brain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/"&gt;Take an online test on the Harvard site&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;P. S. I don't have time for explanations. I must read the first chapter of Sperber &amp;amp; Wilson's Relevance Theory. Here's a good &lt;a href="http://sharedsymbolicstorage.blogspot.com/2008/04/relevance-theory.html"&gt;summary&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-954486390482764465?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/954486390482764465/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=954486390482764465' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/954486390482764465'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/954486390482764465'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/points-of-interest-10-april-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 10. April, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-5100792504188691453</id><published>2008-04-10T17:31:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-04-20T12:54:29.711+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cognition'/><title type='text'>^_^</title><content type='html'>Yesterday I read &lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/04/simple-curves-can-influence-whether-we.html"&gt;an article on Deric Bownds' MindBlog&lt;/a&gt;. It seems that it takes a bunch of scientists in order to come to the conclusion that a concave line and two dots - i. e. :( - indicate a sad face. Vice versa a convex line with two dotes - i. e. :) - indicate a happy face. Well, I think this only works in western countries. Asians generally tend to focus on the eye region of the face which leads to interesting smilies like ^_^ or ~.^.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-5100792504188691453?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/5100792504188691453/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=5100792504188691453' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5100792504188691453'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5100792504188691453'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/blog-post.html' title='^_^'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-7618219671167726334</id><published>2008-04-09T22:07:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-31T12:21:39.050+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cognition'/><title type='text'>Are you racist?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://backhand.uchicago.edu/Center/ShooterEffect/"&gt;Test yourself&lt;/a&gt;. How many blacks are you going to shoot and how many whites?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My score: 475&lt;br /&gt;Average reaction time:&lt;br /&gt;Black Armed: 635.44ms&lt;br /&gt;Black Unarmed: 716.68ms&lt;br /&gt;White Armed: 606.75ms&lt;br /&gt;White Unarmed: 670,4ms&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I'm a racist. :-(&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-7618219671167726334?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/7618219671167726334/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=7618219671167726334' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7618219671167726334'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7618219671167726334'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/are-you-racist.html' title='Are you racist?'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3949028778811416993</id><published>2008-04-07T23:00:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-04-09T17:17:41.454+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 09. April, 2008</title><content type='html'>Unfortunately, I managed to destroy my Master Boot Record and therefore couldn't post anything yesterday. So here are some old ones:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://languageevolution.wordpress.com/2008/03/27/fossil-find-could-be-europes-first-humans/"&gt;Fossil find could be Europe’s first humans&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://languageevolution.wordpress.com/2008/03/29/mri-species-study-offers-evidence-for-gradualist-account/"&gt;MRI Species Study Offers Evidence for Gradualist Account&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Btw, I'm currently working on a Neurosemantics/Neurosemiotics paper. I'll try to illustrate the representation of concepts in our brain and ask whether this is relevant for linguistic issues or not. Please be aware that Pete Mandik has posted an &lt;a href="http://www.petemandik.com/blog/2008/03/31/neurosemantics-bibliography-up-and-running/"&gt;excellent bibliography of Neurosemantics&lt;/a&gt;. I have some small additions:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Kurthen, M. Neurosemantik: Grundlagen einer Praxiologischen Kognitiven Neurowissenschaft. Stuttgart: Enke, 1992.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Gallese, V. &amp;amp; Lakoff, G. "The Brain’s Concepts: The Role of the Sensory-Motor System in Reason and Language". In: Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2005, 22:455-479.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Favareau, D. "Beyond self and other: On the neurosemiotic emergence of intersubjectivity". In: Sign Systems Studies 30.1, 2002.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Poeppel, D. &amp;amp; Embick, D. Defining the relation between linguistics and neuroscience. [&lt;a href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/%7Eembick/lingneuro.pdf"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Barsalou, L. W. Grounded Cognition. [&lt;a href="http://www.psychology.emory.edu/cognition/barsalou/papers/Barsalou_ARP_2008_grounded_cognition.pdf"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thanks to Michael (&lt;a href="http://sharedsymbolicstorage.blogspot.com/"&gt;Shared Symbolic Storage)&lt;/a&gt; who provided this list.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3949028778811416993?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3949028778811416993/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3949028778811416993' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3949028778811416993'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3949028778811416993'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/points-of-interest-07-april-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 09. April, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-4819227756789901368</id><published>2008-04-06T15:25:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-31T12:21:52.330+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Philosophy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cognition'/><title type='text'>Simulational character of consciousness</title><content type='html'>Found a nice quote on &lt;a href="http://philosophyofcogs.blogspot.com/"&gt;Issues in consciousness, mind &amp;amp; cognitive technology&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;“Conscious experience never brings you into direct contact with external reality. Instead, experience as such, including your conscious experience of being a self, is a simulation created by your brain. And it is only because you are unable to recognize the simulational character of consciousness that you live your waking life—and, with the exception of lucid dreams, most of your dream life—as a naïve realist.” &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Windt &amp;amp; Metzinger (2007)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-4819227756789901368?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/4819227756789901368/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=4819227756789901368' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4819227756789901368'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/4819227756789901368'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/simulational-character-of-consciousness.html' title='Simulational character of consciousness'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-607531235012251802</id><published>2008-04-06T12:03:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-04-06T14:53:35.270+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 06. April, 2008</title><content type='html'>I've never done this before and I'll never ever do this again, but &lt;a href="http://fractalontology.wordpress.com/"&gt;Fractal Ontology&lt;/a&gt; is an awesome blog and I recommend - without hesitation - to read every single post. Joseph Weissman does a really good job combining Philosophy and Poetry. I guess it's all about comedy today:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/04/preschool-childrens-narratives-predict.html"&gt;Preschool children's narratives predict later math performance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89375695"&gt;Eric Cartman: America's Favorite Little $@#&amp;amp;*%&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/gnxp/2008/04/nose_jobs_in_iran.php"&gt;Nose jobs in Iran&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://heideas.blogspot.com/2005/03/beyond-embiggens-and-cromulent.html"&gt;First (2005) annual Simpsons linguistic joke collection posting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://heideas.blogspot.com/2006/03/hippo-birdie-to-this-blog.html"&gt;Second (2006) annual Simpsons linguistic joke collection posting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://heideas.blogspot.com/2007/03/third-annual-simpsons-st-patricks-day.html"&gt;Third (2007) annual Simpsons linguistic joke collection posting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://heideas.blogspot.com/2008/03/beyond-beyond-beyond-beyond-embiggens.html"&gt;Fourth (2008) annual Simpsons linguistic joke collection posting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-607531235012251802?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/607531235012251802/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=607531235012251802' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/607531235012251802'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/607531235012251802'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/points-of-interest-06-april-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 06. April, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-8791008374675526833</id><published>2008-04-06T03:07:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-04-05T18:18:12.561+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 05. April, 2008</title><content type='html'>I didn't read much today due to time pressure. But here are a few articles. I'm becoming interested in Archeology I suppose, especially Linguistic Archeology:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://anthropology.net/2008/04/04/deciphering-the-codex-vergara-to-figure-out-more-about-aztec-math/"&gt;Deciphering the Codex Vergara - Aztecs figured out fractions?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/gnxp/2008/04/political_fictions.php"&gt;Dawkins is wrong and too naïve for human relations and  history.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-8791008374675526833?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/8791008374675526833/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=8791008374675526833' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8791008374675526833'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8791008374675526833'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/points-of-interest-05-april-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 05. April, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3437975325308782962</id><published>2008-04-05T21:29:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-31T12:16:17.540+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Foundations'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Language Evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Language'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Linguistics'/><title type='text'>Basisarbeit: Co-Evolution von Gehirn und Sprache</title><content type='html'>Hier ein bisschen &lt;a href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"&gt;Linguistik&lt;/a&gt; in klar verständlichen, wenn auch stark vereinfachten, Worten.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Einige Linguisten gehen davon aus, dass der Mensch von Geburt an die Fähigkeit besitzt zu wissen, dass zum Beispiel der Satz&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;Tom wirft einen Ball.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;im Gegensatz zu&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;Der wirft Tom Ball.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;korrekt ist. Da Kinder relativ schnell die möglichen Satzkonstruktionen einer Sprache lernen und diese von fehlerhaften differenzieren können, führte dies zur Annahme, dass das Gehirn, evolutionär-genetisch bedingt, fast alleine diese Entwicklung steuert. Berühmtester Vertreter dieser Annahme ist &lt;a href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky"&gt;Noam Chomsky&lt;/a&gt;, Professor am &lt;a href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"&gt;MIT&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nun gab es vom 11.03 bis zum 15.03.08 eine Konferenz über die Evolution der Sprache (&lt;a href="http://stel.ub.edu/evolang2008/"&gt;evolang 2008&lt;/a&gt;), bei der die Gegner dieser so genannten Generativisten zur Sprache kamen. Hauptaugenmerk lag dabei auf dem Buch von &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Deacon"&gt;Terrence Deacon&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Symbolic-Species-Co-Evolution-Language-Brain/dp/0393317544"&gt;The Symbolic Species&lt;/a&gt;) welches die Meinung vertritt, dass nicht nur das Gehirn und dessen zielgerichtete Evolution dazu beigetragen haben Sätzen eine innere Struktur zu geben, sondern, dass das Gehirn und auch die Sprache selbst in diesen (Strukturierungs-)Prozess eingebunden sind.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zu dieser Co-Evolutions These wurden jetzt zwei interessante Studien erstellt. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_M._Kirby"&gt;Simon Kirby&lt;/a&gt; hat mit Hilfe eines Computers eine Sprache geschaffen deren Sätze keiner festen Struktur (Syntax&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) folgen. Ebenso zufällig sind die Wortbedeutungen mit den einzelnen Wörtern und deren Aussprache assoziiert. Diese Sprache wurde dann von einer Person gelernt, welche sie wiederum anderen Personen beigebracht hat und so weiter. Dies soll die nachfolgenden Sprechergenerationen und deren Lernverhalten simulieren. Mit zunehmender Zahl der Generationen hat sich die Sprache - sowohl deren Aussprache, als auch die Struktur - soweit vereinfacht, durch Entwicklung von Regelmäßigkeiten, dass sie einfacher und effizienter weitergegeben werden konnte.&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Meine Kritik an dem Experiment:&lt;/span&gt; Ich nehme einmal an, dass die Versuchspersonen keine &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_zombie"&gt;(P-)Zombies&lt;/a&gt; waren, sondern normale Menschen in einem gewissen Alter &gt; 2 Jahren. Ich könnte mir deshalb vorstellen, dass es ein Problem gibt, da diese Menschen zumindest eine Sprache gelernt und damit eine gewisse Grundvorstellung von Satzstruktur haben. Interessant wäre es zu wissen, ob sie die Satzstruktur der neuen Sprache an die Satzstruktur ihrer Muttersprache angepasst haben.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die zweite Studie wurde von &lt;a href="http://email.eva.mpg.de/%7Egil/"&gt;David Gil&lt;/a&gt; vorgestellt und behandelt die Sprachlernfähigkeit von Sprechern der indonesischen Riau Sprache. Diese Sprache soll sehr simpel sein und nichtsdestotrotz sind die Sprecher in der Lage, weitaus komplexere Sprachen zu lernen. Daraus schlussfolgerte Gil, dass kein einfacher Zusammenhang zwischen Sprachkomplexität und Gehirnstruktur existiere, genauso wenig wie zwischen Sprachkomplexität und kultureller Komplexität.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wichtig: Dieser Artikel beruht hauptsächlich auf einem &lt;a href="http://ebbolles.typepad.com/babels_dawn/2008/03/co-evolution-id.html"&gt;Beitrag auf Babel's Dawn&lt;/a&gt;. Für eine Vertiefung und bessere sprachliche und fachliche Qualität empfehle ich den Originalartikel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anmerkungen:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Eine Herausforderung, der ich mich stelle. Einem Linguisten könnte man sagen: "Die Sprache hat ein arbiträres Lautsystem. Die Semen der Lexeme sind arbiträr. Die Sprache hat keine Syntax."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Im Prinzip liegt man nicht verkehrt zu sagen, dass je älter die Sprache ist, desto komplizierter ist sie auch. Von der sumerischen Sprache, welche ungefähr 3200 Jahre vor Christus gesprochen wurde, nimmt man an, dass sie 10 unterschiedliche Kasus hatte. Deutlich mehr als im Neuhochdeutschen (Nominativ, Genitiv, Akkusativ, Dativ).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; Sprich, sie haben keine erkennbares Muster wie zum Beispiel ein typischer Satz im Deutschen:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;Tom&lt;/span&gt; (Subjekt) &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;baut&lt;/span&gt; (Prädikat) &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;ein Haus&lt;/span&gt;. (Objekt)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; Ich meine mich zu erinnern, dass ich etwas ähnliches schon einmal im Zusammenhang mit Pidgin und Kreolisierung gehört habe, bin mir aber nicht sehr sicher. Auf unterschiedlichen Inseln im Pazifik kamen zwei Völker in Handelskontakt und schufen eine so genannte Lingua Franca (Handelssprache), mit der sie handeln konnten. Diese Handelssprache entwickelte sich dann im Laufe der Jahre zu einer eigenen Sprache, welche fast vollständig übernommen wurde. Es bildete sich sogar eine eigene Syntax.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3437975325308782962?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3437975325308782962/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3437975325308782962' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3437975325308782962'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3437975325308782962'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/basisarbeit-co-evolution-von-gehirn-und.html' title='Basisarbeit: Co-Evolution von Gehirn und Sprache'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-2310469097607958171</id><published>2008-04-04T12:52:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-04-04T23:00:31.171+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Points of Interest'/><title type='text'>Points of Interest 04. April, 2008</title><content type='html'>On a daily basis I'll try to link interesting articles from my favourite blogs. Although they are interesting and fun to read, I won't go into detail.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.petemandik.com/blog/2008/03/31/neurosemantics-bibliography-up-and-running/"&gt;Pete Mandik on Brain Hammer posted a bibliography of Neurosemantics.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/04/runners-high-endorphin-release-finally.html"&gt;Runner's High - endorphin release finally demonstated&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2008/04/outing_admired_gays_and_lesbia.php"&gt;"Outing" admired gays and lesbians may decrease prejudice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.brainbasedbusiness.com/2008/04/memory_myths_it_pays_to_forget.html"&gt;Memory Myths It Pays to Forget&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://anthro-ling.blogspot.com/2008/03/ancient-skull-deformation-practices.html"&gt;Ancient Skull Deformation Practices&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://experimentalphilosophy.typepad.com/experimental_philosophy/2008/04/moral-judgments.html"&gt;Moral Judgments about Implicit Race Bias&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-2310469097607958171?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/2310469097607958171/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=2310469097607958171' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/2310469097607958171'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/2310469097607958171'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/points-of-interest-04-april-2008.html' title='Points of Interest 04. April, 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-8414218869649101449</id><published>2008-04-03T14:35:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-05-31T12:17:17.968+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='German Language'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Language'/><title type='text'>Ja, nein und vom Thema weg.</title><content type='html'>Das heutige &lt;a href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog/archives/005523.html#more"&gt;Breakfast Experiment™&lt;/a&gt; von &lt;a href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog"&gt;Language Log&lt;/a&gt; beschäftigt sich mit einem Phänomen in der gesprochenen englischen Sprache, welches ich zuvor überhaupt nicht kannte - die Benutzung von affirmativen und negativen Antwortpartikeln im gleichen Satz. Hier das Beispiel:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;A: Did you like Columbia?&lt;br /&gt;B: Yeah no I loved it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Das "Yeah no" übernimmt dabei 2 Hauptfunktionen (die anderen möglichen Funktionen lasse ich einmal unberücksichtigt und verweise auf &lt;a href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog/archives/005523.html#more"&gt;den Artikel&lt;/a&gt; auf &lt;a href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog"&gt;Language Log&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1) Beide Partikel sind individuell korrekt. Ja ich mag Columbia, aber nein, ich mag es nicht nur, sondern liebe es.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die zweite Hauptfunktion lässt sich mit Hilfe dieses Beispiels erklären:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;A: yeah so what do you buy what are you looking for you look for an automatic you know you look for something with all the&lt;br /&gt;B: yes i can't drive a standard&lt;br /&gt;A: you can't drive a standard&lt;br /&gt;B: no i can't drive a standard&lt;br /&gt;A: yeah no i used to when i was when i was uh younger&lt;br /&gt;B: uh-huh&lt;br /&gt;A: you know but i've it's been long gone out of my system now i could just put it in home and let it go there and take me there and that's it i don't like any of that&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2) Der Beitrag zum Gespräch findet Anerkennung und wird mit dem Partikel "ja" ausgedrückt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dann habe ich mir überlegt, ob es im Deutschen etwas ähnliches gibt, aber bis auf Sachen wie:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;A: Hast du heute schon geduscht?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;B: Ja, nein ich hatte keine Zeit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;oder&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;A: Kann ich das Spielzeug haben?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;B: Ja, nein das geht heute leider nicht.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ist mir nichts eingefallen. Bei den genannten Fällen würde ich 2 andere Hauptgründe nennen:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1) Man ist in Eile und will dies so bewusst oder unbewusst ausdrücken.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2) Man beginnt eine eigentlich negative Antwort auf eine Frage mit einem positiven Partikel, um das gegenüber zu besänftigen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Letzteres habe ich übrigens oft bei Lehrern in meiner eigenen Schulzeit erlebt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ein sehr viel interessanterer Fall, der nicht unbedingt damit zu tun hat ist folgender:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;A: Hm ich mag "Piraten der Karibik" mit Johnny Depp.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;B: Nein, ich mag "Blackbeard" mehr.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dieses Phänomen habe ich in letzter Zeit relativ häufig erlebt, vor allem bei jüngeren Sprechern.Der eine nennt seine Präferenz zu was auch immer und der andere erwidert, mit einem negativen Partikel beginnend, seine eigene Präferenz. Ich meine, der Partikel hat da doch garnichts zu suchen. Was soll das bedeuten? Irgendwie hört es sich für mich an wie "Nein du magst X nicht, ich weiß besser was du magst.", obwohl ich natürlich den Sinn verstehe. Trotzdem ein sehr interessantes Phänomen.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-8414218869649101449?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/8414218869649101449/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=8414218869649101449' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8414218869649101449'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/8414218869649101449'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/ja-nein-und-vom-thema-weg.html' title='Ja, nein und vom Thema weg.'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-5222857943929661543</id><published>2008-04-02T14:03:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2009-06-03T17:58:10.481+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Academic'/><title type='text'>Papers</title><content type='html'>During my short academic career as a student of English and German I wrote three papers which might be of interest. Therefore I uploaded them on rapidshare and might say a word or two about these papers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/104267947/Kleist.pdf"&gt;The "Kleist" paper:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This paper mainly deals with the theodicy issue in Heinrich von Kleist's Das Erbeben von Chili and the background of the theodicy discourse in the Eighteenth Century. I got a quite good mark for it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/104267949/Love_Poetry.pdf"&gt;The "Love Poetry" paper:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I uploaded it for your amusement and bewilderment. It is not a good paper and I'm not proud of it. It was my very first and got a bad mark. I'm not that kind of man who only praises his good achievements. It's about Robert Browning's Porphyria's Lover. I tried to make a more medical approach towards the poem, but got lost in meaningless phrases.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/104267950/Norn.pdf"&gt;The "Norn" paper:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I'm quite proud of this paper. It took me a long and hard time to write it since there is almost no material and valid research on this language. For this paper I got a pretty good mark.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-5222857943929661543?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/5222857943929661543/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=5222857943929661543' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5222857943929661543'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/5222857943929661543'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/04/papers.html' title='Papers'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-7666310014267926056</id><published>2008-03-19T14:03:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2008-03-19T14:08:02.024+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bushido'/><title type='text'>Tag 1000 (Teil 2)</title><content type='html'>Einige Leute haben mich schon gefragt was aus meinen &lt;a href="http://otakuzen.blogspot.com/2008/03/tag-999.html"&gt;Suburi&lt;/a&gt; geworden ist. Ich hab es nach vier Tagen aufgegeben, es ist fast nicht möglich als junger Mensch die Zeit dafür aufzuwenden. Wenn man für ein paar Tage bei Freunden übernachtet, müsste man sein Shinai mitnehmen und so weiter. Es ist einfach nicht sinnvoll und selbstzerstörerisch im Moment die 1000 x 1000 Suburi zu machen. Vielleicht werde ich das Projekt zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt fortsetzen, aber ich denke, dass ich vorher noch professionellen Kendo Unterricht nehmen werde, um die richtige Technik zu erlernen.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-7666310014267926056?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/7666310014267926056/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=7666310014267926056' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7666310014267926056'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/7666310014267926056'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/03/tag-1000-teil-2.html' title='Tag 1000 (Teil 2)'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3551464572995597743</id><published>2008-03-18T14:58:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2008-03-18T14:58:54.366+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Politics'/><title type='text'>Ron Paul 2008</title><content type='html'>Unfortunatly I'm not a citizen of the USA, since I would vote for Ron Paul, an exceptional conservative senator from Texas. His political aims sound honest and honourable, but also not very practicable. Nevertheless I'm impressed that you can find such an excellent example of a conservative, like myself, who holds the essential values of liberty and peace high. Often these values are associated with the Democrats and not the Republicans for reasons unknown to me.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3551464572995597743?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3551464572995597743/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3551464572995597743' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3551464572995597743'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3551464572995597743'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/03/ron-paul-2008.html' title='Ron Paul 2008'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3988118307778298317</id><published>2008-03-18T14:58:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2008-03-18T14:58:41.391+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Politics'/><title type='text'>Christmas Speech 2007</title><content type='html'>A wonderful Christmas speech delivered by Her Majesty. This makes me proud to be a supporter of limited monarchy!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object height="355" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/n_RXhBI_qN0&amp;amp;rel=1"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/n_RXhBI_qN0&amp;amp;rel=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="355" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3988118307778298317?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3988118307778298317/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3988118307778298317' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3988118307778298317'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3988118307778298317'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/03/christmas-speech-2007.html' title='Christmas Speech 2007'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-2834578252362789876</id><published>2008-03-18T14:57:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2008-03-18T14:58:03.622+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Comedy'/><title type='text'>Al Gore basically owns your face!</title><content type='html'>Everyone is talking about Al Gore and his Nobel Peace Price. But he doesn't seem to care about his own CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/xPDWDl6_KbY"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/xPDWDl6_KbY" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His most impressive achievement was his crusade against the Menbearpig who could have destroyed the whole human race.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/KxqhwZGefc4"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/KxqhwZGefc4" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But back to scientific stuff. Do you know the 'Nine inconvenient Untruths' of his film which a High Court judge attested?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;1. Mr Gore claims that a sea-level rise of up to 20 feet would be caused by melting of either West Antarctica or Greenland "in the near future". The judge said: "This is distinctly alarmist and part of Mr Gore's "wake-up call". He agreed that if Greenland melted it would release this amount of water - "but only after, and over, millennia"."The Armageddon scenario he predicts, insofar as it suggests that sea level rises of seven metres might occur in the immediate future, is not in line with the scientific consensus."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. The film claims that low-lying inhabited Pacific atolls "are being inundated because of anthropogenic global warming" but the judge ruled there was no evidence of any evacuation having yet happened.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. The documentary speaks of global warming "shutting down the Ocean Conveyor" - the process by which the Gulf Stream is carried over the North Atlantic to western Europe. Citing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the judge said that it was "very unlikely" that the Ocean Conveyor, also known as the Meridional Overturning Circulation, would shut down in the future, though it might slow down.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Mr Gore claims that two graphs, one plotting a rise in C02 and the other the rise in temperature over a period of 650,000 years, showed "an exact fit". The judge said that, although there was general scientific agreement that there was a connection, "the two graphs do not establish what Mr Gore asserts".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Mr Gore says the disappearance of snow on Mt Kilimanjaro was directly attributable to global warming, but the judge ruled that it scientists have not established that the recession of snow on Mt Kilimanjaro is primarily attributable to human-induced climate change.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. The film contends that the drying up of Lake Chad is a prime example of a catastrophic result of global warming but the judge said there was insufficient evidence, and that "it is apparently considered to be far more likely to result from other factors, such as population increase and over-grazing, and regional climate variability."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. Mr Gore blames Hurricane Katrina and the consequent devastation in New Orleans on global warming, but the judge ruled there was "insufficient evidence to show that".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. Mr Gore cites a scientific study that shows, for the first time, that polar bears were being found after drowning from "swimming long distances - up to 60 miles - to find the ice" The judge said: "The only scientific study that either side before me can find is one which indicates that four polar bears have recently been found drowned because of a storm."That was not to say there might not in future be drowning-related deaths of bears if the trend of regression of pack ice continued - "but it plainly does not support Mr Gore's description".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. Mr Gore said that coral reefs all over the world were being bleached because of global warming and other factors. Again citing the IPCC, the judge agreed that, if temperatures were to rise by 1-3 degrees centigrade, there would be increased coral bleaching and mortality, unless the coral could adapt. However, he ruled that separating the impacts of stresses due to climate change from other stresses, such as over-fishing, and pollution was difficult.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Source: &lt;a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2007/10/11/scigore111.xml"&gt;Telegraph&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-2834578252362789876?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/2834578252362789876/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=2834578252362789876' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/2834578252362789876'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/2834578252362789876'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/03/al-gore-basically-owns-your-face.html' title='Al Gore basically owns your face!'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-6163600998505817996</id><published>2008-03-18T14:57:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2008-03-18T15:09:26.681+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Academic'/><title type='text'>How to cite a blog</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=citmed"&gt;Citing Medicine&lt;/a&gt;, a great site for citing techniques, provides an excellent new method to cite posts from blogs. &lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=citmed.section.61231"&gt;30 techniques&lt;/a&gt; are described depending on the author and information.&lt;br /&gt;I would use following method to cite from blogs, since I adapted it to the form of my other citing methods:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Author. Title. On: Publisher (ed.). Blogname. Place of publication: Date of publication. URL.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;e.g. Doe, John. How to be anonymous. On: Jane Doe (ed.). CoolBlog. London: 23.04.2007. http://www.coadsy.blogspot.com/howtobeanonymous.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Secondary source: &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/"&gt;Neurophilosophy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-6163600998505817996?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/6163600998505817996/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=6163600998505817996' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/6163600998505817996'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/6163600998505817996'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/03/how-to-cite-blog.html' title='How to cite a blog'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-331062624041775740</id><published>2008-03-18T14:56:00.004+01:00</published><updated>2008-03-18T14:57:25.057+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Poetry'/><title type='text'>Fibonacci Poetry</title><content type='html'>I wrote a poem according to the Fibonacci Sequence, starting with F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; = 1 and ending with F&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt; = 13:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/4/7/0/470072226d1629b5b6b973f1881b2051.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/4/7/0/470072226d1629b5b6b973f1881b2051.png" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This means that our starting value is 1 and after two values each following value is the sum of the two preceding values (values = syllables) leading to following value/syllable series:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; = 1&lt;br /&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; = 1&lt;br /&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; = 2&lt;br /&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; = 3&lt;br /&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; = 5&lt;br /&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; = 8&lt;br /&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt; = 13&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The sequence was described by Leonardo of Pisa (1170-1250) - called Fibonacci - in his &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Liber Abaci&lt;/span&gt;. He introduced the Hindu-Arabic numerals - which are more efficient than Roman numerals - in Europe, i.e. 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. The decimal numerals became popular almost three centuries later, when printing was invented. The sequence itself is assumed to be older - sixth century - and of Indian origin. But lets look at my poem:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The&lt;br /&gt;world&lt;br /&gt;once blue&lt;br /&gt;turned pitch black.&lt;br /&gt;For moments in red&lt;br /&gt;you forever forfeit your white&lt;br /&gt;and your fallen crest lies deep in nauseating green.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-331062624041775740?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/331062624041775740/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=331062624041775740' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/331062624041775740'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/331062624041775740'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/03/fibonacci-poetry.html' title='Fibonacci Poetry'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-6079218562294098108</id><published>2008-03-18T14:56:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2008-03-18T15:09:18.767+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Philosophy'/><title type='text'>Why I'm a Kind of Moral Relativist</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;The author of &lt;a href="http://schwitzsplinters.blogspot.com/"&gt;The Splintered Mind&lt;/a&gt; wrote that he disagrees with Descriptive Moral Relativism and Metaethical Moral Relativism and he thinks that there are more shared ethical values of different cultures than ethical values that &lt;span lang="en-GB"&gt;exclusively&lt;/span&gt; exist in a particular culture. Every sane ethnologist would agree that this is a very narrow point of view. But nevertheless I think it is partly true if you look at a culture which have achieved a certain level of development and if you attach priorities to different values, e.g. &lt;span lang="en-GB"&gt;normally&lt;/span&gt; you would say it is a bit more offensive to kill your neighbour than peeing in public.&lt;br /&gt;Why is it bad to kill people and good to hug them (if they want a hug)? Some of these &lt;b&gt;core values&lt;/b&gt; can even be found in primitive cultures. Not for ethical reasons, but because of biological necessity. It is really bad to kill one of your tribe and to be cast out of society - for you! Your very own &lt;span lang="en-GB"&gt;existence&lt;/span&gt; will be endangered - if you get away with the murder - since you don't have the security provided by the society any longer. There are a lot of other essential reasons not to commit murder, like the problem of gathering food and losing a safe place to sleep. But these &lt;b&gt;core values&lt;/b&gt; don't exist in all cultures on our globe, "some societies allow their members to brutally kill the children of neighboring tribes or to torture crime suspects." (Waldmann 2006)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-6079218562294098108?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/6079218562294098108/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=6079218562294098108' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/6079218562294098108'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/6079218562294098108'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/03/why-im-kind-of-moral-relativist.html' title='Why I&apos;m a Kind of Moral Relativist'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3124176028077859131</id><published>2008-03-18T14:56:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2008-03-18T15:09:13.081+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Language'/><title type='text'>Economics: Source of Everything?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;Culture is the product of economics. Economics in a broader sense than just sale/buy processes. We know that societies have fought for resources before and will fight until the last glimpse light in our solar system will have vanished. Nothing is better for science than war, as long as there are survivors and the cultural structure is not irreversible destroyed. Take for example the Internet which began as military ARPANET to save important data on decentralized nodes in case of a nuclear attack.&lt;br /&gt;So what about language? Beside several other aspects - I just have to simplify at this time - language can be seen as a part of culture - some may even say that culture is language and vice versa. Written language was created to describe rituals, hierarchies and in particular for economic reasons. The perhaps first written language - Sumerian - was exclusively created to describe the economic and administrative processes of Uruk over 4200 years ago. Interestingly the first literary texts were published decades later. I think of it as a kind of economical metaphysical transactions of thoughts through creativity between an individual and its society - to simplify the matter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3124176028077859131?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3124176028077859131/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3124176028077859131' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3124176028077859131'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3124176028077859131'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/03/economics-source-of-everything.html' title='Economics: Source of Everything?'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-619043025003541744</id><published>2008-03-18T14:55:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2008-03-18T15:09:06.377+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Comedy'/><title type='text'>How to Survive (in) the Internet</title><content type='html'>Teh intrnetz haz becomes pplr theez dez and lot of newfagz writez (&lt;a href="http://img515.imageshack.us/img515/4662/1146428856626km0.jpg"&gt;figure 1.0&lt;/a&gt;). Ever thought "wtf" when you've read such a sentence? Well, there is some help for you to understand this babble. What began as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leet"&gt;1337-speak&lt;/a&gt; has been evolving gradually into a language with an own modified syntax (see &lt;a href="http://www.dashes.com/anil/2007/04/cats-can-has-gr.html"&gt;Cat can Has Grammar&lt;/a&gt;), e.g. "Can I haz x" where x is a variable for a noun (&lt;a href="http://img211.imageshack.us/img211/4778/49052525627af9dd086hx5.jpg"&gt;figure 1.1&lt;/a&gt;). A so called &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme"&gt;meme&lt;/a&gt; - coined by 'The Lord of Infinite Darkness' himself &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins"&gt;6Richard6Dawkins6&lt;/a&gt;  - is for example a picture or phrase that is repeated until it's burned into your &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus"&gt;hypothalamus&lt;/a&gt; (e.g. &lt;a href="http://img444.imageshack.us/img444/2056/1143082502806hu7.jpg"&gt;figure 1.2&lt;/a&gt;).  Source of about 99% of those memes (e.g. &lt;a href="http://www.encyclopediadramatica.com/Caturday"&gt;Caturday&lt;/a&gt;) are imageboards like notorious &lt;a href="http://www.4chan.org/"&gt;4chan&lt;/a&gt; which started as anime imageboard (&lt;a href="http://img249.imageshack.us/img249/4712/1142972781166ae0.jpg"&gt;figure 1.3&lt;/a&gt;) and became a platform for incestous narutarted pedophiles and virgins (&lt;a href="http://img249.imageshack.us/img249/7291/1144151106324ed8.jpg"&gt;figure 1.4&lt;/a&gt;). Lately some linguists (e.g. from &lt;a href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog/"&gt;Language Log&lt;/a&gt;) are trying to analyze certain features of this variety and others even use it to compose a new &lt;a href="http://lolcode.com/"&gt;programming language&lt;/a&gt;. Here are a few links that might elevate you to the higher echelons of faggotery.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. &lt;a href="http://www.urbandictionary.com/"&gt;Urban Dictionary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A good dictionary about essential topics like being     &lt;a href="http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=f%27d+in+the+A+with+a+big+rubber+D"&gt;f'd in the A with a big rubber D&lt;/a&gt;. Tons of examples and not only usable for internet speak, but also for &lt;a href="http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=wacky"&gt;wackidy wack&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=G"&gt;Gs&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=hood"&gt;tha hoods&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=respect"&gt;Respect&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. &lt;a href="http://www.encyclopediadramatica.com/Main_Page"&gt;Encyclopedia Dramatica&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THE most important source for internet history. Ever cared who invented the internet? ED gives the answer:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;"The Internets, a magical cloud of information that floats over your head in the stratosphere, was invented &lt;a href="http://www.encyclopediadramatica.com/At_least_100_years_ago" title="At least 100 years ago"&gt;at least 100 years ago&lt;/a&gt; by &lt;a href="http://www.encyclopediadramatica.com/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore"&gt;Al Gore&lt;/a&gt; and pluralized by &lt;a href="http://www.encyclopediadramatica.com/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush"&gt;George W. Bush&lt;/a&gt;. At first it was used only by the army, ensuring that in the event of nuclear war, officers could still view porn. Some time around 1981 or &lt;a href="http://www.encyclopediadramatica.com/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt; (if you're a &lt;a href="http://www.encyclopediadramatica.com/Fag" title="Fag"&gt;FAG&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.encyclopediadramatica.com/Oneoneone" title="Oneoneone"&gt;!!!1!&lt;/a&gt;), some guy in his basement found that he could use his Atari 2600 with his 300 baud modem to steal the internet for himself. 5 years later, AOL streamlined this process and the Internets as we know them now were born. Only these days, there is way moar free pr0n and moar warez. It is rumoard there may be small pockets of useful information hidden deep in the bowels of the Internets. This has been proven to be false. Presently, scientists believe the Internets to be the greatest proof that most of our species is totally fucking &lt;a href="http://www.encyclopediadramatica.com/Batshit_insane" title="Batshit insane"&gt;batshit insane&lt;/a&gt;, outdoing even the &lt;a href="http://www.encyclopediadramatica.com/Holocaust" title="Holocaust"&gt;holocaust&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://www.encyclopediadramatica.com/White_people" title="White people"&gt;white people&lt;/a&gt;."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;a href="http://4chan.org/"&gt;4chan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://7chan.org/"&gt;7chan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://420chan.org/"&gt;420chan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Notorious imageboards that have been partyvaned for posting pedophilia. The source of all shit and evil on internet. Beware of gore, porn, racism, sexism, drug abuse, homoeroticism and worse... You should be really fucked up to enter the site.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-619043025003541744?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/619043025003541744/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=619043025003541744' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/619043025003541744'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/619043025003541744'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/03/how-to-survive-in-internet.html' title='How to Survive (in) the Internet'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-281239845003259417.post-3817194097009258503</id><published>2008-03-18T14:54:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2008-05-31T12:19:00.515+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Language'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Academic'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Linguistics'/><title type='text'>Lost Language Lament</title><content type='html'>Alright, lets start with a post about the term paper I wrote this semester.&lt;br /&gt;It's about the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norn_language"&gt;Scandinavian language Norn&lt;/a&gt; that was probably spoken between the 9th and 19th century in Scotland and its influence on modern Orcadian and Shetlandic speech. It gave me a really hard time because we don't have an idea how Norn might've looked like and the source material... sucks (although the language existed for almost a whole millenium)!&lt;br /&gt;Oh, by the way, I got a 1.3 mark for this paper which is rather good on a six point scale (1 = lets make love all night long vs. 6 = no love for you, fag).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/281239845003259417-3817194097009258503?l=coadsy.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/feeds/3817194097009258503/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=281239845003259417&amp;postID=3817194097009258503' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3817194097009258503'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/281239845003259417/posts/default/3817194097009258503'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coadsy.blogspot.com/2008/03/lost-language-lament.html' title='Lost Language Lament'/><author><name>Laughing Man</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17475724926007017604</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
